Palamon Love Essay

Palamon wants Arcite to let his eyes of Emily and not interfere, but Arcite says â€Å"l loved her first as women and on my head I swear, love is a greater law than any other that may be given to any earthly man. † (pg. 89) love replaces all other commitments. They both show each other how much they love Emily. Later on, they both somehow manage to get out of prison. First, Arcite got out and after seven years Palamon. They both suddenly meet at grove in ngry looks and want to fight for Emily, while Theseus appearing there too with his wife and Emily. At first Theseus wanted to kill them, but seeing the situation of theirs he changes his mind and sets up arena for them to fght. They both are ready to do anything to grant Emily as wife. Then, Theseus builds 3 temples. Venus (the goddess of love), Mars (the god of war), and Diana (the goddess of chastity). Palamon went to Venus to ask to get Emily, Arcite went to Mars to ask to win the war, and Emily went to Diana to ask to say virgin or else marry a guy love her the most. After that, the battle begun and Arcite won the war with the help of the god that he visited, and Palamon lost, but in the end Palamon won and got Emily. Palamon won because of Pluto who sent earthquake at Saturn’s request for Venus. Arcite dies because of earthquake and fell from his horse and hits his head to ground. He died as noble knight to get Emily, and didn’t care about his brotherhood relationship with Palamon while fghing against him for Emily. The knight is noble, conqueror, gentle and has pity, which he is similar to Theseus the character in the story that he is telling. The gentle duke jumped down from his horse with pitying heart as he heard them speak†. (pg. 77) Theseus takes pity on those women that he meets on his way and gives what the women asked for. Which it looks like that the Knight is describing himself as Theseus. He likes fghting from the beginning so he made arrangement for Arcite and Palamon to fght over Emily. The story starts with battle of Amazons and after he marries the queen of Amazon as price of winning a battle besides the story also ends with Palamon marrying Emily in which he also get her by winning the battle.

What Motivates You

What Motivates You! There was a time where employees were known as just another input into the production of goods and services. What possibly changed the way of thinking about employees was research, referred to as the Hawthorne Studies, conducted by Elton Mayo. This study found employees are not motivated solely by money and employee behavior is linked to their attitudes (Dickson, 1973). Why is motivation so important in the work force and what should be done? Motivated employees are needed in our rapidly changing workplaces.Motivated employees help organizations survive, be more productive and managers need to understand what motivates employees within the context of the roles they perform. Some are motivated by being asked for their assistance, others like to take on new challenges with a new assignment. Likewise having a role of leadership by being in command with ever decision you make with more responsibilities with minimum time. Employees are also instigated by being recogniz ed by their values and like to be seen for their values by going and doing something together.Also a compliment, reward or a bonus is another great way to encourage a member by congratulating them for a job well done. A way to get managers to get employee more motivated is by asking for general help, an idea or even opinions. Asking another person for help is possible the most sincere way to recognize their abilities and value as a worker. They themselves would feel useful to you and to the company knowing they are able to help out in any way or form. This might expose the manager with lack of skills and experience, but it gives the worker self confidence and an admirable feeling knowing something a higher position doesn't know.Few years back I use to work for Raaga, a DVD rental store for Indian movies. My manager was not so great with working on the computer and he knew I was a tech savvy in computers. He would ask me questions or get help about basic information, which I was more than happy to assist him motivating me to know something that my manager doesn’t know and makes me feel like I am an asset to have around in the store. Inquiring also shows the respect for their skills and talent that they apprehend, which leads you to greater trust in ones performance.So not only does it motivate workers, but gain respect at the same time. Some members want attention and would be an honor to be asked for help so they can use their knowledge that they have studied to solve the problem in a different form and gives them the motivation to show what they have in them. Not only does asking for help motivate, but asking for is an idea or opinion another key way. If you admire the persons idea for instance, he/she is diligent and finish their work quickly and would like to know how they finish so efficiently.Don't hesitate to ask them there secret, because not only will it flourish your business, but you will also distinguish the skills and ability in a more meani ngful way. By doing so, you not only helping your business, but also give your employees a way to express them of how they think and express themselves during their daily routine. Many managers and owners don’t take the time and trouble to go up to their employee that can suffer the company, along with the employees not having the encouragement to work productively. Motivation can also be found by having your employees rotating in different position within their home department.Many small and large businesses are looking ways to improve the work design system by creating a job rotation strategy. When employees work on the same duty each day without variation, they are more likely develop boredom and carelessness, because they lose their self-esteem and motivation values. Many workers get tired doing the same task repeatedly, which can lower motivation. This not only lets the workers maneuver around at work by having new task, but will reduce the burnout reduction of being in the same position throughout the years.Burnout is an exhaustion feeling that disintegrates businesses leading to decrease productivity, increased absences and increased of people leaving the job. Placing them in a new surrounding can change the person work behavior in an instance. They are now learning different working skills and socializing with other people in different areas of the department, which gives them the challenge to be a more skillful worker. I am currently working for Dish Network and currently we have been doing the same routine throughout the week.So my supervisor gave me a new opportunity by placing me in new location that I have never been to before. This means meeting new customers and newer environment gives a fresher feeling and new experience giving the motivation to keep working. Having a person with different skills and talent can be a plus point for the company. Furthermore, employees that are engaged with a variety of positions throughout the company expe riences increase in appreciation for coworkers and the connection between positions, which lower resentment and improve organizational commitment.Employees at the same time will build up motivational feelings by knowing that they are a great part of an asset to the company and the team. Greater the motivation the other advantage of the job rotation is increased employee satisfaction, because business owners know when a worker are not pleased with people that endeavors. This makes them feel unmotivated, disturbed and depressed, which is disrupting productivity. Informal leadership can also put a major impact on gaining motivation.According to Jeff Haden, author of â€Å"The 5 Best Ways to Praise Employees,† Putting an employee in a short-term informal leadership role can make a major impact. Testing their knowledge, leadership skills and managing with very little time to complete the task. An informal leadership role shows trust in your employee's intelligence and their judgme nts. The more important the assignment is, the bigger the implied praise and the greater the boost to their self esteem, which ties with motivational factors.According to Psychologist Frederick Herzberg, â€Å"Motivational factors are those elements that go above and beyond the basic maintenance factors. † (148). It gives them the opportunity to be recognized, promoted or even be given more responsibilities. This also motivates the employees to improve their productivity. They might find out new and productive way to complete the company’s goals as well as their individual goals. When they are given a big task or project in hand the boss expects you to manage everything by yourself by gathering the right people for the task and giving out orders might give stress to a person.But it unlocks their motivations and ambition to show they have it in them to accomplish anything for a job well done. Managers and employees are usually busy with their own work and never have the time to know one another. Knowing your employees either as a family or friend can make them feel flattered rather than being seen as just another employee at work. A good way to know your employee's value, especially their value to you is by doing something together. It doesn’t have to be work related in general it can be something outside of work. For instance going ut for coffee or lunch break is a great way to have a conversation. Ask about their family and kids or just life in general. At the same time a manger would want to keep a minimum distance by neither being to companionable with the members, because this may disrupt the flow of productivity of work if we had employees being more laid back and coming late to work to the time they are scheduled. By doing something with an employee individually and getting to know them with the slightest attention can also increase production making them feel admired by being known personally by the boss.Employees will automatically know their position to where they stand and will continue to do what it takes to keep the boss satisfied to be known as a valuable employee. The last source and probably the greatest source are by giving a simple compliment for a great job or even an award to show your gratitude. Money is an important factor in life, but it doesn’t always motivate them. What really motivates to perform at higher levels is being thoughtful, personal kind of recognition showing true gratefulness for job well done.For instance when I finish my shift my supervisor gives me a positive feedback at the end of the day letting me know that I am doing a fine job. Many bosses or owners don't give enough of these compliments to their employees after finishing any task, making them feel they haven't done a extensive job. A boss should notice their employee’s performance, because taking someone for granted will never be a proper motivator. Giving a positive response and other forms of showing your appreciation can show great support for the right performance.The cost is little to nothing and can be given when a good deed occurs, which is when motivation has its most effective impact. Giving a time off can also help people’s motivation. If top performers can continue to keep up with high results while working less, everybody wins. A day off doesn’t really cost the organization anything if the performance levels remain high. Coming to work day to day can be exhausting and can wear people out, which may lower motivation to continue to perform like they use to when they first started.A day off can help a person relax, spend time with the family member and regain energy so their minds can be clearer and make accurate decision or just being rewarded by finishing the job quicker. But of course it never hurts to get extra cash in your pocket by getting a bonus in your paycheck. These are only a few ways to motivate your employees and remember what ever motivates one per son might not motivate everyone else. Giving similar rewards does not motivate employees to exceed further and may ruin performance as top achievers see no reason to do the job that they are doing.According to Continental J. Social Sciences group, study of â€Å"The Effects of Motivation on Workers Performance,† hypotenuse predicted that, â€Å"The majority who are 35 in number with 58 percent proof the significance of promotion and fairness in promoting workers performance, while 17 percent who are 10 in number resort to money likewise, 12 percent for security, 8 percent and 5 percent also subscribe for recognition and prestige respectively,† for a more motivational production.It is important to know that motivational influence plays a very big role in the day to day task of workers in every organization. As a result it is clear that workers performance of any sort is a function of motivation getting from the organization and thereby improves and increase productivity . In view of that workers motivation matter a lot and should be concerned for both employers and the employees.There are many ways to motivate a person and everyone has a different way of being encouraged weather its asking your employee for help, getting placed in a role of informal leadership or even going out for a coffee break getting to know each other can be a great way as well. Maneuver your employees in different departments or environment can also be another way for them to have a fresh new feeling and of course being rewarded or getting cash bonus never hurts for getting a job accomplished for a more efficient successful business.

Administrative Principles of Management Essay Sample

1. Division of LabourThis rule states that work can be performed more expeditiously and fruitfully if it is divided into smaller elements and delegating these specific elements to specific workers. This is similar to one best manner of making occupation as in scientific direction and occupation specialization in Bureaucracy. Each employee or a group of employee performs a specific undertaking. Division of labor harmonizing to occupation specialization is the chief map. 2. AuthorityAuthority is the given power ( based on legitimate regulation by organisation ) to an functionary to publish orders to subsidiaries and take work from them. This rule states that directors require authorization to execute their managerial duties. 3. DisciplineDiscipline is related with ordinance of behavior of employees at workplace. Without subject. authorization has no significance ; there should be person to obey the orders. This rule suggests that there is demand of a set of regulations and processs aimed at achieving good employee subject and obeisance. 4. Integrity of bidThis is the â€Å"one adult male one foreman rule† . An employee should have orders from merely one foreman merely. If a worker will have orders from several foremans he will be confused and over burdened. Besides there will be a job sing coverage. So this rule emphasizes on merely one foreman for a worker. 5. Subordination of single involvements to the organisational involvement.Employees must give their involvements for the good of the organisation. The organisational goals/ tasks/work would be preferred over involvement of worker or group of workers. Therefore an organisation should use merely those persons who are to the full committed to its aims and are willing to readily follow the organization’s mandates/rules. 6. Integrity of wayThis rule supposes that there should be merely one program and merely one foreman for each group of activities holding same aims. This is to guarantee that the organisation is prosecuting it all activities non in contradictory waies but there is alignment between activities. 7. Wage of forcesFair rewards work as a good motive for employees. Compensation for work done should be sensible to both – employees and organisation and it should be sufficiently motivational. neither overpaid nor underpaid. 8. CentralizationExcessively much centralisation leads to ineffectiveness and so does the decentalisation. There should be a balance of centralisation and decentalisation in organisations.The best attack to acquire the balance is top direction designs the broader scheme. policies and in-between degree and lower degree of directors interpret and operationalise them to work. 9. Scalar concatenationThis rule assumes that there should be clear hierarchy in organisation from top to down. The flow of communicating must follow the hierarchy that it should be purely perpendicular.Horizontal communicating is needed merely when there is pressing demand and permission from higher-ups has been obtained. 10. OrderOrder means making things in rational and logical mode. There should be a topographic point for everything and everything should be in its topographic point.An organization’s materials/resources should be at right topographic point at right clip. and its employees should be assigned to the occupations best suited to them. 11. EquityEquity means being sort. just and merely to your subsidiaries or employees. Equal and just intervention. nonpartisanship and bias free environment promotes employee motive committedness and trueness. 12. Stability of forces term of officeEmployees perform good when their occupation is secured ; they are protected from arbitrary dismissals. It is necessary to retain employees with organisation because high turnover rate may ensue high cost to organisation and leads to inefficiency. 13. EnterpriseOrganizations require directors who possess ability to gestate and implement new thoughts. They should be holding ability to self start and take on the hazard independently. 14. Esperit de corpsThe maintainance of high moral and unity among employees is an indispensable thing for success of organisation.

Analysis on Antigone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Analysis on Antigone - Essay Example The issue of burial would change from Polynieces being left out for the carrion, which would be illegal, to being buried anonymously out in the woods and without a memorial. An interesting twist might be to make the organized crime family Japanese, a story based upon the Yakuza rather than the more commonly known organized crime structure of the Italian mob. The setting of the play is justified because of the familial themes that are similar in both of the genres. The Greek setting is based upon royal familial ties and the need for both legitimacy in Creon’s authority and a conflict in which Antigone must defy his decision. The character interactions in the play by Sophocles are defined by their ties within a family and this makes the transition to a setting in which organized crime is involved have a strong potential. The genre of organized crime is based upon the ‘family’, thus the line of succession is a part of their power structure. That the role of Creon wou ld be in jeopardy of losing his place would also play nicely in the organized crime genre because although family is important, it is not the only criteria for establishing power. The son of an organized crime boss or the brother is not necessarily in line to inherit the control of the syndicate. The misogyny in organized crime can also be translated from the Greek. In the literary genre of organized crime stories women typically do not have a great deal of power and are more often portrayed as victims. Women in Japanese society have a tradition of being submissive, thus the nature of Antigone would have the same meaning if translated into a modern context. She is both young and female, thus her opinion would not be taken into consideration similar to the way it was not taken into consideration in the Greek version until she acted. Although modern Japanese women have more power than in the past, the organized crime syndicate of the Yakuza is based upon lower socio-economic male memb ers of the Japanese society who are disenfranchised and find a brotherhood with the Yakuza gangs. It is typically male oriented (Howard, 2011). The setting of Japan in the environment of the Yakuza means that male dominance and family importance both remain important themes. Generation gaps in belief systems can be used to show the older generational beliefs in male dominance in conflict with female assertions of power from a feminist perspective. The central issue of funeral can be translated between an anonymous burial of Polyneices in the woods instead of the customary cremation with honor. Characters The main characters of the play are Antigone, Haemon, Creon, and Ismene. In addition, the names of Polynieces and Eteocles would have to be changed as well. Antigone would become Aneko, which means older sister. This gives her a familial designation which also supports a sense of her wisdom. While Antigone means â€Å"against offspring,† the familial tie is reinforced through the use of the name Aneko (Behind the Name, 2012). Ismene would be changed to Junko, which means â€Å"child of obedience,† relating to her reluctance to go against the will of Creon. Creon would be named Eito, meaning a â€Å"prosperous person† designating that he is wealthy as he has taken control of the organized crime family (Baby Names World, 2012). Haemon can be changed to the name Hansuke which is translated to mean â€Å"helpful friend.† Polynieces is changed to Ryoji which is translates to â€Å"

Service Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Service Marketing - Essay Example The company has been globally accepted and has a high visibility of their brand. (Source from website http://instruction.bus.wisc.edu/obdemo/may%20not%20need_2/starbucks.htm) Starbucks has been renowned for its customer service. A "service" is any act of performance that one party can offer to another, that is essentially intangible and does not result in the ownership of anything. Its production may or may not be tied to a physical product. ( Kotler, 2000) By creating a unique atmosphere, Starbucks has differentiated themselves from their competitors and catered to their customer's preferences. A company's offering to the market place will include some kind of service. It may be a major or minor part of the product. It may be purely tangible goods that require no service, a mix of goods and services in varying proportions, or just pure service. Services can be equipment based or people based. Some services require the client's presence while some do not. Services may be a personal need or a business need. It could be for profit or non-profit and be private or public depending on ownership. ( Kotler, 2000) Intangibility- Services cannot be seen, tasted, felt, heard or smelled. This makes evaluating service quality very difficult. Service quality is therefore ascertained by the potential consumers by perusal of other evidences like place, people, equipment communication etc. as indicators of quality. Inseparability- Services are produced and consumed at the same time and cannot be separated from their providers. There is no stocking or distribution. The provider and client must interact for the service to occur and therefore both parties become part of the service provided. Both of them influence the outcome of the service. Variability - As the consumer and producer are both part of the service, the quality of services depends largely on who, when, where and how they are provided. Therefore, service providers become the representative of the organization as a whole and service quality depends on the quality of the service providers themselves. Perishability- Services must be consumed as they are provided and cannot be stored for future use. Therefore, a missed opportunity will create a loss of service that needed to be rendered. The demand and supply needs to be carefully monitored and services offered as needed during the time period. Non-Transferability- Services cannot be owned by the user. An excellent service has good retentivity though and acts as an incentive to the customer to opt for the same service again. Starbucks has survived and grown in the new economy because of its innovative capability to adapt to a dynamically changing environment. Their customer-focused strategy has allowed them to garner sales selling the humble coffee at a premium value due to the perception of value inculcated in the customer. Quality of Service Providing the level of service to desired expectations is of prime importance. Quality management is a way of doing business that allows an organization to design products and services that meet or exceed customer needs and build operational processes that achieve high levels of performance and quality. A good service company understands the psychology of the consumer, adds in a qualitative

Personal Statement to apply preparatory course of graduate school in

To apply preparatory course of graduate school in UK - Personal Statement Example Fortunately, I enjoy family support, especially from my father who works as an Electrical and Automation engineer. He is interested in providing both moral and financial support in my pursuit for engineering knowledge, either at home or abroad. Prior to providing detailed description of my personal life and career plans, I would like to categorically explain my specific choice of wanting to study at a UK college. First, I was born and raised in China. I have undertaken all my academic programs within the People’s Republic of China, up to my undergraduate level. As a result, I would wish to pursue further learning within a different environment away from the monotonous Chinese institutions. I choose United Kingdom because it features as one of the most culturally diversified society in Europe. UK is known for its cultural tolerance and warm accommodation to people from diverse religious backgrounds. In addition, the UK offers friendly and homely residential settings to visitors. Therefore, I believe that learning institutions within the country offers me with an opportunity to study within a culturally rich and diverse environment free from the Chinese way of learning and thinking. Apart from cultural diversity, it is undeniable that the UK education system is renowned and respected across the world. Its learning institutions like yours are known to offer quality and standardized education system that meet and even exceed expectations within the labor market. Actually, preparatory courses from UK enjoy international recognition. They have sophisticated learning infrastructure with qualified teaching staff (Smith 67). Consequently, students undertaking and completing their preparatory studies within the UK are not only highly regarded by stakeholders within the education sectors but also by employers around the world. Apart from enabling me to gain substantial knowledge, such recognition and high regards to UK

HCM477-0802A-01 Finance in Health Care - Phase 2 Discussion Board 2 Essay

HCM477-0802A-01 Finance in Health Care - Phase 2 Discussion Board 2 - Essay Example Departmental budgets are pieces of budgets that individuals and/or groups (departments) of an organization are responsible for (Oliver 2000). Total facilities budget, on the other hand, is the total, final budget prepared by an organization chairperson. Clearly, the relationship between them is that departmental budgets are parts of the total facilities budget. That is, the total facilities budget is made up of the departmental budgets; hence, it is dependent on them. The business transactions that take place in an organizational budget are all expected income and expected expenses for the year. The first one is reported as budget income transactions and the second as budget expense transactions. Furthermore, the start of year Class balances are identified and accounted for as an accessible source of income. Therefore, the budget formula is: The three stages involved in preparing a total budget are: (1) Budget Preparation (2) Budget Execution and (3) Budget Evaluation. The first one requires program and budget planning and funds procurement. The decisions, therefore, that need to be made at this stage involves how to estimate costs, where to get funds from, communicating with members of the organization so as to make planning effective, etc. The second stage engages in fiscal management so decision problems that could affect the relationship between departmental budgets and total facility budgets could be how to locate internal funds, whether projection of variances by the departments were right, whether management of cash flow was effective. Lastly, the third stage requires budget cycling and performance assessments and audits. The decision problems here could be about reporting to external constituencies, maybe program re-planning or continuing with the budget. (http://www.socwel.ku.edu/marke//Total%20Budgeting.ppt). Each department is responsible for managing within the constraints of the fiscal year. Each departmental budget

Ways that internet has changed political interactions globally Essay

Ways that internet has changed political interactions globally - Essay Example Naturally then, political interactions are no exception. Internet has changed the political interaction globally in a number of ways across the entire â€Å"life cycle† of a political candidate – from the way electoral candidates reach out to the masses for proposing their agendas and for raising funds, to how they interact with the people once in power (or not in power), to how they formulate policy - both domestic and foreign, and finally even to how people oppose the government. Internet, through its large plethora of social networks, news and information sites/blogs has become a major force in the election process globally – for information gathering by masses about the political agendas, for marketing and advertising of candidate’s visions, and for fund raising. The US presidential elections in 2000 marked the beginning of the active use of internet in the election process as all candidates started opening and maintaining their websites. By 2004, blogs started cropping up and became a leading source of information and update for the people about the electoral process, and political parties started using the internet to promote their candidate’s visions. And in 2008, internet made it possible to overcome one of the biggest challenges of the electoral process – collecting small donations cost effectively. Until then, it was considered too costly to get the small donors’ money and was often neglected; the Obama campaign col lected an estimated $300 million through small donations made on the internet and showed how internet could easily overcome this problem with the biggest cost in the process being the transaction fee on cards. The effective use of internet is also often credited for a relatively young and unknown Senator Obama going on to become the president of the US. Internet has also changed the way politicians communicate with the masses in general – for information dissemination and opinion gathering. It allows a rapid interaction

Project Management of F16 Software Code Update (SCU) Research Proposal

Project Management of F16 Software Code Update (SCU) - Research Proposal Example F-16 has many classified information and has several versions and type of weapons for operational flight program. The whole F-16 system hardware is enabled by the Operational Flight Program which is made up of a series of software modules. Each software module of Operational Flight Program codes the functions of a separate weapon system or operational systems. This study is aimed at analyzing the software capabilities of Operational Flight Program of F-16 aircrafts and its upgrades made from time to time. Introduction F-16 aircraft was designed to strengthen the combat capabilities of Air Force of United States. It was developed originally by the General Dynamics and later developed further by Lockheed Corporation which was then became Lockheed Martin. Fighting Falcon is one of the most significant fighters of the latter part of the 20th century. The development of F-16 began with the concept for an experimental lightweight fighter. It then fostered into an aircraft fighter that oper ated in all types of weather and had capabilities of attacking precisely to any enemy target. The manufacturing of F-16 is done at five different production lines. Over 4,000 F-16 aircraft fighters have been built for the Western World and it has become their largest fighter program. The F-16 aircraft is used in war and its design and development is mostly classified. The software technology used in embedded computer system is the most critical, accurate and zero tolerance code. The automation of warfare management is done with the operation flight program of F-16 aircraft. The Operational Flight Program (OFP) is a computer program written for computer hardware fixed inside the F-16 aircraft. The Operational Flight Program needs to be updated and upgraded as and when new needs for improvements of F-16 aircraft are identified and consequently weapons are improved or changed. Methods F-16 Operational Flight Program The F-16 Operational Flight Program is written in the form of modules. Each module executes and performs the functions of the weapon system. The coding of the functions is done such that each function describes the phases of the mission a weapon system performs. The phases which are included in the mission are â€Å"preflight, takeoff/time to cruise, outbound cruise, SAM (surface to air missile) evasion, descent, penetration, bomb delivery, climb, air-to-air combat, inbound cruise, loiter, and approach and landing.† (Charles P. Satterthwate, 1994) â€Å"Function types include communication (external/internal), IFF (identification friend or foe), navigation, guidance, steering, control, target acquisition/identification, stores management, weapon delivery and threat warning.† (Charles P. Satterthwate, 1994) â€Å"The modules of the F-16 Operational Flight Program include executive; control and display; air-to-air; air-to-ground; navigation; communication; heads up display; vertical situation display; gun, missiles; overload warning and v isual identification.† (Charles P. Satterthwate, 1994) â€Å"A module type, such as controls and displays, might contain multiple modules which are prioritized according to the timing requirements of the functional calls of the OFP. The OFP is required to process real time interrupt driven schedules, which are handled by the executive

Share Holder Value Essay Example for Free

Share Holder Value Essay Public and private companies are under a great deal of pressure to create and sustain shareholder value by increasing both returns on capital and growth rates and company’s stock price or equity value. Share holders would like to associate with a firm whose stock prices are not depressed. Who is a Shareholder? A share holder can be defined as the owner of one or more shares of stock in a corporation, commonly also called a stockholder. The benefits of being a shareholder include receiving dividends for each share as determined by the Board of Directors, the right to vote (except for certain preferred shares) for members of the board of directors, to bring a derivative action (lawsuit) if the corporation is poorly managed, and to participate in the division of value of assets upon dissolution and winding up of the corporation, if there is any value. A shareholder should have his/her name registered with the corporation, but may hold a stock certificate which has been signed over to him/her. Before registration the new shareholder may not be able to cast votes represented by the shares. (Enhancing share holder value, Dr William . e. Broxterman Chairman/CEO Chemquest Group,unc). Shareholder value is a business term, which implies that the ultimate measure of a companys success is to enrich shareholders. It became popular during the 1980s, and is particularly associated with former CEO of General Electric, Jack Welch. ( In March 2009), Welch openly turned his back on the concept, calling shareholder value the dumbest idea in the world. The term used in several ways: To refer to the market capitalization of a company (rarely used) * To refer to the concept that the primary goal for a company is to increase the wealth of its shareholders (owners) by paying dividends and/or causing the stock price to increase * To refer to the more specific concept that planned actions by management and the returns to shareholders should outperform certain bench-marks such as the cost of capital concept. In essence, the idea that shareholders’ money should be used to earn higher returns than they could earn themselves by investing in other assets having the same amount of risk. The term in this sense was introduced by Dr Alfred Rappaport in 1986. ) In (1981, Jack Welch made a speech in Hotel Pierre, New York City called) ‘Growing fast in a slow-growth economy’ (8. 12. 1981) this is often acknowledged as the dawn of the obsession with shareholder value. Welchs stated aim was to be the biggest or second biggest market player, and to return maximum value to stockholders. Strategic planning In today’s fast-changing, often business environment, formal systems for strategic planning have become one of top management’s principal tools for evaluating and coping with uncertainty. One of the key roles of Board of directors is to approve and adopt the strategic and annual business plans, the setting of objectives and review of key risk and performance areas. Corporate board members are also showing increasing interest in ensuring that the company has adequate strategies and that these are tested against actual results. While the organizational dynamics and the sophistication of the strategic planning process vary widely among companies, the process almost invariably culminates in projected (commonly five-year) financial statements. This enables top managers and the board to review and approve strategic plans in the same terms that the company reports its performance to shareholders and the financial community. Under current practice the projected financial statements, particularly projected earnings per share performance, commonly serve as the basis for judging the attractiveness of the strategic or long-term corporate plan. The conventional accounting-oriented approach for evaluating the strategic plan does not, however, provide reliable answers to such basic questions as: †¢ Will the corporate plan create value for shareholders? If so, how much? †¢ Which business units are creating value and which are not? †¢ How would alternative strategic plans affect shareholder value? Managing shareholder value This management principle, also known under value based management, states that management should first and foremost consider the interests of shareholders in its business decisions. As shareholder value is difficult to influence directly by any manager, it is usually broken down in components, so called value drivers. A widely used model comprises 7 drivers of shareholder value, giving some guidance to manage. These drivers are, * Revenue, the amount of money that is brought into a company by its business activities. In the case of government, revenue is the money received from taxation, fees, fines, inter-governmental grants or transfers, securities sales, mineral rights and resource rights, as well as any sales that are made. * Operating Margin, the ratio used to measure a companys pricing strategy and operating efficiency, if a companys margin is increasing, it is earning more per dollar of sales. The higher the margin, the better. Can be calculated as: Operating margin=Operating Income/Net Sales. * Cash Tax Rate, the cash a company pays to governments as a percentage, while looking at an unlevered company. * Incremental Capital Expenditure, additional cash invested by a firm in its long term assets in order to generate a dollar of new sales. * Investment in Working Capital, a measure of both a companys efficiency and its short-term financial health. The working capital ratio is calculated as, working apital=current assets-current liabilities * Cost of Capital, equity and debt capital and the related discount rate. * Competitive Advantage Period, advantage over competitors by offering consumers better value either through greater benefits or lower prices. Share holder value, and the Economic value concept The value that a shareholder is able to obtain from his/her investment in a company ,is made up of capital gains, dividend payments, and proceeds from buy back programs and any other payouts that a firm might make to a shareholder. In other words share holder returns exceed the required return to equity, and the company is deemed to have exceeded the required expectation. Share holder value in recent years is being measured using the Economic Value Added Concept (EVA), a measure of a companys financial performance based on the residual wealth calculated by deducting cost of capital from its operating profit (adjusted for taxes on a cash basis). Share holder value, and the WACC concept Investors use WACC as a tool to decide whether to invest. The WACC represents the minimum rate of return at which a company produces value for its investors. Lets say a company produces a return of 20% and has a WACC of 11%. That means that for every dollar the company invests into capital, the company is creating nine cents of value. By contrast, if the companys return is less than WACC, the company is shedding value, which indicates that investors should put their money elsewhere. It measures a trend of improving or declining share holder value and it helps managers to focus on projects, businesses, product lines and activities yielding more than a firms weighted average cost of capital WACC (The return that both debt holders and equity holders expect, WACC, in other words, represents the investors opportunity cost of taking on the risk of putting money into a company. Investors use WACC as a tool to decide whether to invest. The WACC represents the minimum rate of return at which a company produces value for its investors. Lets say a company produces a return of 20% and has a WACC of 11%. That means that for every dollar the company invests into capital, the company is creating nine cents of value. Current value of a business is fairly expressed by the share price, there fore increasing EVA should move prices upwards. This means an earning return greater than its cost of capital. Value creation for shareholders through strategic acquisition Acquisitions have known to create value for share holders, however this has to be done strategically, for example in the study of industry acquisitions in 1998(1999 The Chemquest Group. Inc) describing the adhesives industry, such acquisitions have integrated a number of companies in to a single unit with a positive EVA have added significant value and enhanced shareholder value of the company. In order for an acquisition to create share holder value it must generate a positive NPV. In other words it behaves the same as a capital investment. By carrying assets that maximize long term value of the firm for example outsourcing activities such as manufacturing. Dell investments are involved extensively in marketing but out sources distribution, inventory and manufacturing. Also hiring of employees should be strategic. Share holder value and capital structure design Share holders wealth can be improved with increasing leverage by using more debt in place of equity and or dealing judiciously with debt and equity, designing a capital structure that will reduce WACC and increase the value of the firm. This is based on the fact that the composite cost of debt lies between the least expensive debt and the more expensive equity. This approach enables the maximization of corporate profits and shareholders equity. By keeping an eye on the capital market for the firm, the Financial Manager should keep an eye on capital markets for the firm, substituting methods for more effective ones which can improve the firms value and so the shareholder value. Areas such as interest on loans and normal dividend rates as dictated by the market should be examined for decisions. Share holder value and expansion and diversification A company can increase shareholders wealth by diversifying for example addition of a new product line. When BOC gases wanted to expand its business there was consideration by the board for an acquisition of a business in a similar industry, Carbacid. Although this did not succeed, the focus to grow through this product is still on and there is a plan to buy a carbon dioxide mining well. Nakumat seeks sh 1 billion for expansion and is talking with commercial banks for a syndicated loan. The loan is a long term five year loan to be used for stocking new branches recently opened in Rwanda Kigali( Business Daily pg 23). Share holder value and replacement and modernization Finlay Kenya in kericho the tea producing company has replaced a large number of manual labor, with machinery for plucking tea leaves; in a bid to modernize the labor market, to improve on productivity and to reduce labor costs and there fore shareholder value. Boc gases is evaluating an investment for an additional air separation in order to improve performance of machinery (Annual Report 2007). As a firm continues to grow, it may consider improving its retail centers, availing information to customers , displaying sales ware while encouraging caller customers to come and buy the goods in the retail shop. Investors Africa transformation fund, are trying out new methods to tap Africa Agriculture aimed at double digit returns with programmes to boost food production. ( Top News Business Daily pg 3 Dec 6 2010). Share holder value and investment decision rule Through sound capital budgeting techniques, a firm may come up with appraisal techniques to measure economic worth of an investment project for example, coming up with an unambiguous way of separating good projects from bad projects, ranking projects according to profitability, and choosing amongst a number of projects, the project that maximizes wealth. Investment decision can be divided into long-term and short-term decisions and techniques. Capital investment decisions are long-term choices about which projects receive investment, whether to finance that investment with equity or debt, and when or whether to pay dividends to shareholders. On the other hand, short term decisions deal with the short-term balance of current asses and current liabilities; the focus here is on managing cash, inventories, and short-term borrowing and lending (such as the terms on credit extended to customers), for example treasury has signed up for a new World Bank fronted bonds trading plan, which should help the central bank in diversifying its forex reserve mix and cushion the shilling against wild swings(professor Njuguna Central Bank of Kenya Governor, Business Daily Dec 6). Share holder value and discounted/non discounted cash flow methods By recognizing that bigger and early cash flows are preferred, the shareholders value can be improved. Using discounted cash flow methods such as NPV and PI. When NPV is +ve, the project should be accepted and when it is –ve it should be rejected. In the decision rule for profitability where PI is less than 1, then the project should be rejected while where PI is greater than 1 then the project should be accepted. In the non-discounted cash flow method, projects with higher ARR are preferable. In order to make the right investment decision, it is important that the project is thoroughly analyzed using available tools, remembering that the resources are minimal and can not be wasted. Increasing or liquidating part of shareholding This can be achieved by shareholders taking up shares and so increasing their investment in the business, or selling their rights and liquidate part of their investment. In theory, share splits have a positive effect on the shareholders wealth because they encourage beneficial price movements. This should be in line with the dividend policy. Cash cycle and cash management Firms should ensure that there is a match between accounts payable and accounts receivables and that payment to creditors is delayed while receivables are collected earlier. These may seem like daily chores but can cost the shareholder dearly if poorly managed. Many firms have closed down because of not managing accounts receivables appropriately. Summary In summary Strategies selected in creating share holder values should be strategic in the real sense. Strategies selected will usually cover three to five years and will incorporate the big picture. Strategies of substance that have been tested will ensure that the right programs for growth of the firms share value are selected and implemented.

The Four Determinants Of Health Health And Social Care Essay

The Four Determinants Of Health Health And Social Care Essay The environment of society is linked to peoples health over wide fields. Among many factors on health, socio-economic factors are a measurable and significant factor such as employment, education, income and housing. As a future health professional, it is necessary to understand the society and these sociological impacts on health in more multifaceted ways. Hence, this essay will define and discuss the four of socio-economical determinants of health and the relationships between them. Furthermore, it will explain how two determinants affect New Zealand society. Lastly, it will reflect how this study will affect the future nursing care that I will accomplish. The good health and wellbeing of the population is largely a product of the settings in which people live, work and play (Public Health Advisory Committee [PHAC], 2007, p.3). In other word, these social circumstances on health surrounding people might be the socioeconomic determinants. The four determinants of health First of all, this essay will scrutinize the four of socioeconomic determinants and their correlation. Firstly, PHAC (2004) reported that through employment people are able to maintain their life to be stable mentally and physically (p.25). Being employed is the social involvement which produces self esteem and prevents confinement from society. And it is a way of creating income. Reversely, unemployment may be associated with detrimental impacts on mental health such as increasing the rate of suicide (p.26) and decreasing income. Secondly, this report also pointed out that education level is related to health status. People who educated in high are healthier than in low (p.30). Above all, educating children is the most effective way of changing overall health status in society. The reason why is that education enables children to acquire useful health information which affects their future lifestyle such as smoking, food and alcohol in a beneficial way (Wadsworth, 1997, as cited in National Health Committee [NHC], 1998, p.28). Income is far-reaching, which is related to humans basic necessities such as food and shelter. PHAC (2004) highlighted that insufficient income hinders a healthy life. Lower income family is not capable of affording good housing, nutrient food and education. Particularly, Maori and Pacific families are more likely to affect by low income due to the high proportion of young generation (p.21). Besides, children are vulnerable under low income circumstance (p.24). Finally, housing is one of the essential constitutes of human life: food, clothes and shelter. As the cost of house is increasing, capability for other needs is decreasing (p. 31). Besides, internal environment of the house like overcrowding and high humidity influences on health directly (p.32). This affects low income families and the unemployed more hardly (p.33). All in all, In the case of low socioeconomic groups, it is more detrimental than high (PHAC, 2004). The four determinants are inextricably interwoven while having the possibility to enhance by society (p.6). Education and Maori Despite the fact that New Zealand is an egalitarian society and a developed welfare country, there is health problems needed to be improved. First concern is indigenous peoples health regarding lower level of education. Specifically, it is about the correlation between health literacy skill and education. Lower level of education may lead to poor health literacy skill. According to Ministry of Health (MOH, 2010a), 80 per cent of Maori men and 75 per cent of Maori women are very low level in health literacy skill. Moreover, lowest groups were 50-65, 16-18 and 19-24 year groups of Maori (p.iii). A reason why education is important to enhance Maori health is that 53 per cent of Maori population is under 25 years old in 2006. Nonetheless, the percentage of Maori students who are finished at secondary school with qualification is 43.4 per cent. However, in the case of non- Maori, it is 63.7 per cent (MOH, 2010b, p.17). What is surprising is that young Maori population is linked to both a poorest health literacy group and low secondary education. A positive correlation was found between health literacy skill and education is that people who are educated in tertiary level showed enhanced health literacy skill than others have not (MOH, 2010a). Education is a strong health determinant because it widens health information and improves self caring capability autonomously by individuals. That can be a strong prevention from disease to the future generation. Housing and Maori Another concern of indigenous people is poor housing condition. If a house is in high humid, chill and overcrowded, it is detrimental. Firstly, high humidity and cold temperature are causing respiratory disease (World Health Organisation, as cited in Asthma Foundation, n.d.). According to Heeringa (2011), One in six adults and one in four children suffer from asthma in New Zealandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Air that is cold, or polluted with dust mites, moulds or fumes trigger asthmaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the second highest in the world just behind the UK (para.24). Among many asthma suffering people aged 5 to 34, hospitalized Maori between 2006 and 2008 were as double as non-Maori (MOH, as cited in Maori health, 2010). Secondly, overcrowding is a problematic factor in New Zealand. PHAC (2004) highlighted that living in an overcrowding house increased the rate of childrens death due to the contagion of fatal disease (p.32). Particularly, according to MOH (2010b), overcrowding rate of Maori family in 200 6 were three times higher than non-Maori. Meningococcal disease rate of 0 to 4 aged Maori groups were also as high as the rate of overcrowding (Environmental Science and Research, n.d., as cited in Maori health, 2010). Most of all, these statistics represent that Maori is the greater part of lowest socio-economic status in New Zealand, who cannot afford to comfortable houses(NHC,1998). All in all, while Maori population grows fast (MOH, 2010b), Maori is one of the groups that is influenced severely by poor housing environment. What I have learnt A study about strong correlation between society and health will assist my future nursing practice in terms of nurses perception. When I was realizing many factors, they seemed to be general sociological phenomenon. However, they influenced peoples health, even causing illness. Nurses knowledge should be wider than I thought before. From caring for patients physical wound to concerning the socioeconomic environment of the patients might be the nurses understanding. Levien (2008) stated that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a nurse to be a resource to communities and individuals affected by this disease and enable a greater level of awareness and understanding of the risk factors and how to reduce them (para. 17). This is my understanding. For example, I will communicate with a patient in easy words depending on his/her education level, instead of medical terminology. Whats more, I can give patients some information about preventing communicable disease from babies and children at home and immunization . Therefore, I will contemplate circumstances surrounding patients as a nurse in the future. In conclusion, health determinants are significant factors within the health system as well as the whole society. Unemployment, low level of education, insufficient income and poor housing are related to poor health condition in New Zealand. These determinants are more likely to affect some group like Maori. Maori health is likely to be affected by low education level and poor housing detrimentally. Therefore, all individuals health is a complex byproduct of society. If every individual is healthy, their society can be healthy and prosperous.

Inside the Mind of Shakespeares Macbeth :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Inside the Mind of Macbeth   Some writers concern themselves with inward psychological processes. In these works the focus is the mind of the character and the decisions that he makes. The reader is concentrated on whether the character will make the right choice or the wrong choice. He can stay the same, or learn something about himself and change. In the play Macbeth, Shakespeare uses the mental processes of Macbeth to reveal and explore his character. Through the opinions that Macbeth possesses, the reader interprets his personality. Macbeth goes through many changes, each time gaining more and more evil. As the play progresses, he loses his soul and humanity. Macbeth is introduces into the play as a brave and loyal servant. He feels respect for his king and is willing to risk his life for him. At this point he is selfless and good. He, himself, is proud of his service to his king. It is when he is confronted by evil that he begins to doubt the true worth of his loyalty. As he is given honors he begins to gain pride. As a servant, a man must feel loyalty and respect for his master. With time, Macbeth steps over that line and begins to feel more pride in his accomplishments than pride in his service to his king. When confronted with the possibility that he might be king, Macbeth becomes selfish and self-serving. The witches give him the idea that there is a possibility that he could be great. Lady Macbeth persuades him that in order to be a true man he must assert his power. He is constantly fed with pride by the king and his peers. He would like to improve his own rank in society. Seeing that people trust in his command, he considers being king. Unable to control his intense pride and need to fulfill it, Macbeth decides to kill Duncan. The people around him, either by design or by accident, have convinced him of the idea. Macbeth believes that he deserves this power and decides that he will take it in his own way. He still holds some remorse for what he does, but goes through with killing Duncan anyway. It is after Duncan is killed, that the sinister Macbeth comes out. The new characteristic that is introduced is that Macbeth is very controlling. Macbeth still does not feel comfortable with his position.

Ethnic Cleansing in Sudan Essay -- Human Rights Society Sudan Essays

Ethnic Cleansing in Sudan The government of Sudan is responsible for 'ethnic cleansing' and crimes against humanity in Darfur, which is located on Sudan's western border with Chad (. The Sudanese government, along with the Arab 'Janjaweed' militias they arm and support, have attacked the civilians of the African Fur, Masalit and Zaghawa ethnic groups. These attacks involved massacres, summary executions of civilians, burnings of towns and villages, and the forceful depopulation of Fur, Masalit and Zaghawa land. The militia, Muslim like the African groups, have destroyed many religious artifacts including the desecrated Qorans that belong to their enemies (Human Rights Watch, 2004, p. 5). The Sudanese government is breaching at least two articles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR); Article 3, 'Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person', (General Assembly Resolution, 1948, Article 3) and Article 5, 'No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment'. (General Assembly Resolution, 1948, Article 5) The government has not only killed thousands of Fur, Masalit, and Zaghawa civilians - they have, with the help of their Janjaweed allies, raped women, destroyed food supplies, and forced over one million civilians into camps and settlements in Darfur where they are ?on the very edge of survival? (Human Rights Watch, 2004, p. 5) and subject to regular Janjaweed abuses. These breaches are very serious and need to be addressed appropriately. The conflicts that lead to the human rights breaches were a recent escalation of a long-standing disagreement. In February 2003, the rebel groups SLA/M (Sudan Liberation Army/Movement) and JEM (Justice and Equality Movement) demanded an end to chronic economic marginalisation and sought to share power within the Sudanese state. The government responded to this threat by targeting the civilian population from which members of these movements were drawn - the Fur, Masalit, and Zaghawa ethnic groups. To help their cause, the Sudanese government formed a military and political partnership with some Arab nomads (now known as the Janjaweed) by arming them, training them and offering impunity for all their crimes. At the present time (22.5.2004) some action has taken place to address the result of the UDHR breaches. On the 28th of April the W... .../news/story.asp?NewsID=10793&Cr=sudan&Cr1= ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sudan: Government commits ?ethic cleansing? in Darfur. (2004). Retrieved May 20, 2004, from Human Rights Watch Web site: http://hrw.org/english/docs/2004/05/07/darfur8549_txt.htm ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sudan High-Level Humanitarian Mission Continues. (2004). Press release retrieved May 20, 2004, from http://www0.un.org/News/Press/docs/2004/afr916.doc.htm ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  UN agency plans for repatriating Sudanese refugees to the south. (2004). Retrieved May 20, 2004, from UN News Center Web site: http://www0.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=10728&Cr=sudan&Cr1 ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Henderson, Ann. (1999). Can ethnic cleansing be stopped? Retrieved May 23, 2004, from The Star News Article Archive Web site: ? ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  UN estimates 2 million Sudanese in Darfur area now affected by conflict. (2004). Retrieved May 20, 2004, from UN News Center Web site: http://www0.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=10758&Cr=sudan&Cr1 ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Human Rights Watch. (2004). Darfur Destroyed: Ethnic cleansing by government and militia forces in western Sudan (Vol. 16, No. 6(A). Retrieved May 22, 2004, from Human Rights Watch Web site: http://hrw.org/reports/2004/sudan0504/sudan0504full.pdf Ethnic Cleansing in Sudan Essay -- Human Rights Society Sudan Essays Ethnic Cleansing in Sudan The government of Sudan is responsible for 'ethnic cleansing' and crimes against humanity in Darfur, which is located on Sudan's western border with Chad (. The Sudanese government, along with the Arab 'Janjaweed' militias they arm and support, have attacked the civilians of the African Fur, Masalit and Zaghawa ethnic groups. These attacks involved massacres, summary executions of civilians, burnings of towns and villages, and the forceful depopulation of Fur, Masalit and Zaghawa land. The militia, Muslim like the African groups, have destroyed many religious artifacts including the desecrated Qorans that belong to their enemies (Human Rights Watch, 2004, p. 5). The Sudanese government is breaching at least two articles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR); Article 3, 'Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person', (General Assembly Resolution, 1948, Article 3) and Article 5, 'No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment'. (General Assembly Resolution, 1948, Article 5) The government has not only killed thousands of Fur, Masalit, and Zaghawa civilians - they have, with the help of their Janjaweed allies, raped women, destroyed food supplies, and forced over one million civilians into camps and settlements in Darfur where they are ?on the very edge of survival? (Human Rights Watch, 2004, p. 5) and subject to regular Janjaweed abuses. These breaches are very serious and need to be addressed appropriately. The conflicts that lead to the human rights breaches were a recent escalation of a long-standing disagreement. In February 2003, the rebel groups SLA/M (Sudan Liberation Army/Movement) and JEM (Justice and Equality Movement) demanded an end to chronic economic marginalisation and sought to share power within the Sudanese state. The government responded to this threat by targeting the civilian population from which members of these movements were drawn - the Fur, Masalit, and Zaghawa ethnic groups. To help their cause, the Sudanese government formed a military and political partnership with some Arab nomads (now known as the Janjaweed) by arming them, training them and offering impunity for all their crimes. At the present time (22.5.2004) some action has taken place to address the result of the UDHR breaches. On the 28th of April the W... .../news/story.asp?NewsID=10793&Cr=sudan&Cr1= ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sudan: Government commits ?ethic cleansing? in Darfur. (2004). Retrieved May 20, 2004, from Human Rights Watch Web site: http://hrw.org/english/docs/2004/05/07/darfur8549_txt.htm ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sudan High-Level Humanitarian Mission Continues. (2004). Press release retrieved May 20, 2004, from http://www0.un.org/News/Press/docs/2004/afr916.doc.htm ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  UN agency plans for repatriating Sudanese refugees to the south. (2004). Retrieved May 20, 2004, from UN News Center Web site: http://www0.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=10728&Cr=sudan&Cr1 ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Henderson, Ann. (1999). Can ethnic cleansing be stopped? Retrieved May 23, 2004, from The Star News Article Archive Web site: ? ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  UN estimates 2 million Sudanese in Darfur area now affected by conflict. (2004). Retrieved May 20, 2004, from UN News Center Web site: http://www0.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=10758&Cr=sudan&Cr1 ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Human Rights Watch. (2004). Darfur Destroyed: Ethnic cleansing by government and militia forces in western Sudan (Vol. 16, No. 6(A). Retrieved May 22, 2004, from Human Rights Watch Web site: http://hrw.org/reports/2004/sudan0504/sudan0504full.pdf

Misery, by Stephen King - Annie Wilkes :: Misery Stephen King

Misery, by Stephen King - Annie Wilkes What does it take to frighten an author of best-selling horror novels?   In Misery, Stephen King embodies a writer's fears about himself as a writer and about the continuation of his creativity in a richly elaborated and horrifi-cally psychotic woman, Annie Wilkes.   In the novel, Annie represents a mother figure, a goddess, and a "constant reader".   In reality, however, An-nie merely represents a creative part of King's mind. Annie Wilkes is a proud mother of two children--a historical-romance novelist, Paul Sheldon, and his extremely popular heroine Misery Chastain.   Annie must nurse and educate Paul.   Gottschalk elaborates, "Annie views Paul in a madly maternal way.   Early in her custody of Paul, she brings him pills for his excruciating pain, but he must suck them off her fingers in a grotesque parody of a nursing child" (125).   If she leaves him untended too long, Paul wets his bed, and she must change his sheets and clothes. When he is tired or frustrated, he weeps like a small child.   Annie ensures his childlike dependence on her and an ""expression of maternal love" (King 159) with his addiction to pain killing-drugs.   Annie's disciplinary actions contribute to her mother figure, also.   Gottschalk writes, "When he has been bad, she disciplines him but in motherly fashion often comforts him while doing so" (127).   Annie punishes Sheldon's attempts to get free by ampu-tating h is foot and thumb with an ax, "exercising editorial authority over his body" (King 264).   Annie acts as a virginal and protective mother of the vir-gin Misery,   "Annie prevents Paul from letting Misery Chastain die in child-birth.   She must live and a novel must be born" (Gottschalk 126).   Annie nurtures Misery's return as well, "Nothing will interfere with [Misery's] safety or the birth of the book she is nurturing" (Gottschalk 127).   There are no doubts as to the significance of Annie's maternal image in the novel. Behind Annie's destructiveness lies a goddess figure--a goddess in charge of Paul's, as well as Misery's, life.   Paul is at the mercy of Annie.   He makes it through the days, but only in a complete fear of being murdered by Annie.   Gottschalk illustrates Annie's powerful grip over Paul, "Annie 'raped' Paul back into life, and she will hunt him down if he tries to escape" (127).   King compares Annie's powerful figure to a giant furnace, "That's what it would look like†¦If you built a furnace inside the mouth of one of those idols in the H.

Articles of Confederations Fails Essay

In order for a country to work to its fullest potential, it needs a great government. This government needs to do three important tasks. It needs to set up laws, enforce the laws, and provide many different services. Also, it needs to make sure it brings everyone together. Finally, if the government has a problem it should be able to be fixed easily. When the 13 colonies had the Articles of Confederation it couldn’t do many of the things it was supposed to do, thus it failed as a government. First, the Articles couldn’t fulfill the purposes of government like it was supposed to. They were supposed to set up many laws to keep the states and the country as a whole in order. They couldn’t do that; so instead the states made up their own rules and followed them. That also caused the states to become more independent. Also, since there were no laws, that means that the government couldn’t enforce any laws. Although, it could provide some services, but that was the only purpose the government could fulfill. Who wants a government that can’t do what it was meant to do? The Articles didn’t fulfill the purposes of government and that is why it failed as a government. Next, a strong a government can bring it’s entire nation together, unlike the Articles of Confederation. Nobody in the states really liked or agreed with the Articles. The 13 different states started making up their own rules and just followed them. This caused separation between the states, which was not good in the least bit. In order to have a good country, it is much better if the government can unite everyone. The Articles of Confederations couldn’t bring it’s nation together, so it failed as a government. Finally, the Articles couldn’t been fixed easily. It took all the 13 states to agree on something to be fixed within the Articles. If one state didn’t want a change it didn’t happen. That means that it would be very hard to fix anything with the government. The Articles could not fix itself for fulfilling the purposes of government or uniting the country. For a country starting out with its first government, they should’ve have known there were probably going to be problems. Usually, the first time you try something it doesn’t work out perfectly. With that, they should have made a way to easily fix the Articles, but they could not. With this huge problem, the United States definitely needed a change of government. The Articles of Confederation could not easily be fixed, a final reason to why it failed as a government. We had the Articles, for many reasons. They could not fulfill the purposes of government under it. Also, we couldn’t bring all the 13 states together as a nation, protect the people of the country, or fix the problems of government with ease. The states needed all of those items to become a great country. Instead, it caused many problems for the people of the states. In conclusion, the Articles of Confederation were overturned for the greater good.

Quantitative Determination of Total Hardness In Drinking Water Essay

Abstract This experiment is about the determination of water hardness through the use of complexometric EDTA titration. Determination of water hardness is important to find out the most suitable water hardness under particular circumstances. This was conducted for the purpose of applying the concept of complexometric titration using an efficient chelating agent, EDTA. Sample mineral water was analyzed using standard EDTA with EBT as indicator, and calcium ions present in the solution were calculated to determine the hardness of the water sample. At the end of the experiment, the results indicated that the mineral sample water has large amounts of calcium and magnesium ions—an implication of a hard water sample. INTRODUCTION Water hardness is a measure of the amount of calcium and magnesium present in sample water. These calcium and magnesium ions have the capacity to replace sodium or potassium ions and form sparingly soluble products or precipitates. Water hardness is involved in various aspects of industrial and biochemical processes. Large amounts of ppm CaCO3 in water can form precipitates when interacted with soap and form rings known as â€Å"scum† in several utensils and appliances. The formation of these â€Å"scum† in electrical appliances degrades its efficiency and will eventually reduce its life span. In addition, these can cause impairments on fabric as well, and damage water treatment plants and piping systems at a water hardness of 300 ppm CaCO3. Calcium is necessary for aquatic animals such as fish. It serves an  important role in bone formation, blood clotting, and metabolic processes of the fish and prevents the loss of important salts in the body which helps in the functioning of its vital organs such as the heart. Small amounts of calcium in water can be life-threatening to aquatic organisms like the fish. Thus, determination of water hardness is important. One method of determining water hardness is through complexometric titration. In this process, a ligand is involved in the said titration. Metal ion reacts with a particular ligand forming a complex and the equivalence point is determined by an indicator. The  ligand used in the experiment is Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) with Eriochrome Black T indicator. EDTA is an efficient chelating agent and has an ability to bind with metal ions. Because of this, EDTA is also used in food preservation, an anti-coagulant in blood, and, when EDTA is combined with Fe(II), can even be used as an effective absorbent of harmful NO (nitric oxide). The purpose of this experiment is to determine the hardness of water through complexometric titration. METHODOLOGY Before the actual experiment, solutions of 500 mL of 0.1000 M stock EDTA solution, 250 mL of 0.0100 M standard EDTA solution, 250 mL of 0.050 M standard CaCO3 solution, 50 mL of 0.0050 M working standard CaCO3 solution, and 250 mL of 1.0 M NH3-NH4+ buffer solution were prepared quantitatively. In this experiment, the titrant used was Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA), a polydentate with six bonding sites. Polydentates aid in obtaining sharper endpoints since they react more completely with cations. Likewise, reaction with polydentates only involves a single step process compared to using monodentates as titrants which involves at least two intermediate species. Among polydentates, EDTA was chosen as the titrant since it is versatile and forms most sufficiently stable chelates because of its several complexing sites which gives rise to a cage-like structure isolating the cations from solvent molecules. For the preparation of 500 mL of 0.1000 M stock EDTA solution, 18.6 g of Na2H2EDTA2H2O was weighed to the nearest 0.1 mg and was transferred into a 400 mL beaker. 200 mL of distilled water  and 1.0 g MgCl26H2O crystals were added into the beaker and mixed until the crystals were dissolved. MgCl26H2O was added to obtain a sharper endpoint since CaIn- complex ion is less stable and endpoint will come earlier than actual. The solution was heated for faster dissolution and NaOH pellets were added to the turbid solution to produce salt EDTA making the pH of the solution higher and increasing the solubility of the EDTA. Into a 500 mL volumetric flask, the solution was transferred and was diluted to mark with distilled water. The solution was stored in a dry and clean reagent bottle. The 250 mL of 0.0100 M standard EDTA solution was prepared by getting 25 mL from 0.1000 M stock EDTA solution and diluting it to mark with distilled water in a 250 mL volumetric flask. For the preparation of 250 mL of 0.050 M standard CaCO3 solution, 1.2510 g of pure CaCO3 was weighed to the nearest 0.1mg into a 250 mL beaker and 20 mL distilled water was added. Drops of 6 M HCl were added until the CaCO3 was completely dissolved. The beaker was covered using a watch glass and was put over a hot plate. The solution was evaporated until an amount of 10 mL was left. After cooling the solution, the washings were collected by rinsing the watch glass into the beaker using distilled water. 20 mL more distilled water was added into the solution and it was transferred into a 250-mL volumetric flask. The solution was diluted to mark and was stored in a plastic polyethylene bottle since glass bottle can leach and ions from it will contaminate the solution. The 50 mL of 0.0050 M working standard CaCO3 solution was prepared by dilution of 5 mL 0.050 M standard CaCO3 into a 50-mL volumetric flask. For NH3-NH4+ buffer solution of pH 10, 2.06 g of NH4Cl was dissolved in 14.3 mL of concentrated ammonia and was diluted to mark in a 250-mL volumetric flask. Buffer solution was used since buffers are resistant to pH changes[13]. Maintaining the pH is important in preventing interference of other species during titration since different chelates form at a particular pH.[14] For the standardization of 0.01 M EDTA Solution, 10 mL each of 0.0050 M working standard CaCO3 solution was transferred into each of the three 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask using a pipette. Then, into each flask, 75 mL of distilled water was added followed by 3 mL of the NH3-NH4+ buffer solution and 2-3 drops of Eriochrome Black T (EBT) indicator. Although use of EBT indicator is unsatisfactory in calcium, it is ideal to use in magnesium titration[15], and since MgCl2 was put earlier, the number of calcium ions can be determine  using EBT indicator[16]. One at a time, the solutions were titrated with the 0.010 M standard EDTA solution. Water sample was analyzed by measuring 50 mL of commercial mineral water Viva into each of the three 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask. Then, into each flask, 75 mL of distilled water was added followed by 3 mL of the NH3 -NH4+ buffer solution and 2-3 drops of EBT indicator. One at a time, the solutions were titrated with the 0.010 M standard EDTA solution. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Complexometric titration was used in the experiment since the reaction between the aqueous solutions of the analyte (CaCO3 solution, water sample) and titrant (EDTA) forms a complex. Which involves a coordination center composed of Ca2+ and Mg2+ and the chelating agent EDTA. EDTA, a weak acid, commonly forms 1:1 stochiometric ratio when it reacts to form soluble complexes with metal ions, this means that a single endpoint would be observed. Most of the time EDTA reacts with metals regardless of their charges. These would all correlate to a sharp endpoint in titration and a smooth calculation in stoichiometry. Titration with EDTA is affected by several factors such as the existence of complex forming ions and of organic solvents that affects the stability of the complex, the metal ion components, and the pH wherein the titration was performed. The pH range for optimal indications using EBT indicator and for better results in titration using EDTA method is from 8-10. Lower pH would form a colorless complex with EDTA while a high pH makes it hard to distinguish using the metal indicator In the experiment the pH was kept constant at 10, this was possible with the presence of the buffer solution of NH3 –NH4Cl. It has a buffer capacity that satisfies the optimal pH range. Buffer solutions resist pH change that might be caused by other cations and the weak acid titrant, EDTA. Also, the indicator EBT would behave as it should be if there are no fluctuations in the pH. The specific pH was essential because at the pH of 10 EDTA would deprotonate just enough to bind with the metals involved. If too much buffer was added to the solution, the titration would yield defective endpoints. For example the pH was at 12, the solution would be too basic that it might form precipitates with magnesium and calcium which in turn would cause different results. The endpoint of the solution in the first trial was blue so we opt not to put KCN in the solution. KCN b onds with iron  so that iron would not affect the color change of the indicator. If iron is present in the sample it would affect the color endpoint and turn to violet instead of blue. Chemical equations that express the reaction in the titration can be shown in figure 1. Figure 1. Chemical equations involved in the titration. In the sample analysis of Viva mineral water, it contained 54mgCa/L and 14mgMg/L. After computing for the total hardness of the sample using ppm CaCO3 it was found out that the claimed total hardness was 192.6 ppm CaCO3 while the computed average ppm CaCO3 from the experiment was 139.5 ppm CaCO3this means that the calculated value from the experiment is less than the calculated total hardness of Viva mineral water according to the indicated value in the label but still in the range of hard according to the water hardness scale in table 1. Table 1 Water Hardness Scale The unit ppm CaCO3 was used because water is mostly composed of calcium and magnesium ions. Both of these ions can be expressed in terms of CaCO3 One possible source of error is the human error from differentiating color change of the indicator EBT. The solution might have turned violet but not observed making the titrant endpoint wrong because of the presence of iron. Other possible sources of error are excess buffer solution that will increase pH, calibration error of pH meter, wrong volume reading, and over titration. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION The Complex solutions were formed by titration with the chelating agent EDTA. With the use of complexometric titration the total hardness of water sample was determined. It was found out that the water hardness of Viva mineral water is classified as â€Å"hard† in terms of calcium and magnesium ions content that was expressed in terms of ppm CaCO3. The claimed total hardness of Viva Company is larger than the experimental value meaning it has less metal ion content than expected. The results of the experiment can be improved with the addition of KCN. It might not be visible that the endpoint was violet  but it would be safer to eliminate iron discrepancies in the results. REFERENCES [1] Carillo, K.J.D., Ballesteros, J.I., et al. Analytical Chemistry Laboratory Manual, 2009 edition, UP Chemistry Alumni Foundation, 2009, p. 67 [2] Skoog, D.A., West, D.M., et al., Introduction to Analytical Chemistry, 8th edition, Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd., 2012, p. 403 [3]Hardwater,http://water.me.vccs.edu/concepts/hardwater.html [4] Wurts, W.A., Understanding Water Hardness, http://www.ca.uky.edu/wkrec/Hardness.htm [5] Skoog, D.A., West, D.M., et al., Introduction to Analytical Chemistry, 8th edition, Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd., 2012, p. 372 [6] Skoog, D.A., West, D.M., et al., Introduction to Analytical Chemistry, 8th edition, Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd., 2012, p. 386 [7] Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt dehydrate,http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/etc/medialib/docs/Sigma/Product_Information_Sheet/e5134pis.Par.0001.File.tmp/e5134pis.pdf [8] Liu, N. et. al., Evaluation of Nitric Oxide Removal from Simulated Flue Gas by Fe(II)EDTA/Fe(II)citrate Mixed Absorbents, http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ef300538x?prevSearch=Uses%2Bof%2BEDTA&searchHistoryKey= [9] Skoog, D.A., West, D.M., et al., Introduction to Analytical Chemistry, 8th edition, Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd., 2012, p. 372 [10] Skoog, D.A., West, D.M., et al., Introduction to Analytical Chemistry, 8th edition, Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd., 2012, p. 384 [11] Carillo, K.J.D., Ballesteros, J.I., et al. Analytical Chemistry Laboratory Manual, 2009 edition, UP Chemistry Alumni Foundation, 2009, p. 69 [12] Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt dehydrate,http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/etc/medialib/docs/Sigma/Product_Information_Sheet/e5134pis.Par.0001.File.tmp/e5134pis.pdf [13] Whitten, K.[et. Al.], Chemistry.8th ed., Thomas Higher Education. USA. 2007, p. 742 [14] Skoog, D.A., West, D.M., et al., Introduction to Analytical Chemistry, 8th edition, Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd., 2012, p. 401 [15] Skoog, D.A., West, D.M., et al., Introduction to Analytical Chemistry, 8th edition, Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd., 2012, p. 399 [16] Skoog, D.A., West, D.M., et al., Introduction to Analytical Chemistry, 8th edition, Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd., 2012, p. 400

Othello as a Tragic Hero Essay

One of the most obvious focal point of disagreement about Othello is whether Othello was a tragic hero or not according to the classic conception of a tragic hero; whether his characterization, personal attributes make him fall into the domain of Aristotelian concept of tragic hero; Whether or not he possessed a tragic flaw. To Swinburne, Othello was â€Å"the noblest man of man’s making†. (Swinburne)But T. S. Eliot, on the other hand spoke unfavorably of his â€Å"cheering himself up†, (153) and came out with a celebrated critical term â€Å"Bovarysme†. Robert H.  Heilman (1956) comes very close to restating the Eliot position when he says; â€Å"Othello is the least heroic of Shakespeare’s tragic heroes. † (p. 166) The identification of Othello’s hamartia differs from reader to reader and from critic to critic. Some critics are of the view that excessive Egotism and self-confidence of Othello remain the main cause of his tragedy. He harbors unjustified suspicions against Desdemona. He had a trustful nature and he is thorough in his trust of Iago. (Bradley, 1965. p. 213. Jealousy overpowers him and he lacks self-control. It is hardly likely that even a combination of all these would be equal to what Aristotle considered to be a serious hamartia, and he exhibited any of the failing mentioned above. It would hardly be logical to say that the Othello was punished for crime in the yes of the divine. Another view is that the present failings of Othello may be taken to means that he was he was always like that, and his tragedy comes due some inherent or innate unsoundness in his character. However we get no indication of this in the play. The conception of the tragic hero that we gather from Aristotle’s Poetics is that he is a highly esteemed and prosperous man who falls into misfortune because of some serious hamartia i. e. tragic flaw. Aristotle gives the example of Oedipus and Thyestes, which means that according to him, it was Oedipus’ hamartia that was directly responsible for his fall. Although the meaning of hamartia is far from certain, its most frequent applications is in the sense of false moral judgment, or even purely intellectual errors. Among Greeks no sharp distinction between the two existed. It is generally believed that according to Aristotle the hamartia off Oedipus consists in some moral faults and it has been tried to identify various moral faults in Oedipus. Othello also possessed these moral flaw and his tragedy only comes due to these moral flaws, So according to Aristotelian conception, Othello is a tragic hero as he is a larger than life character and has tragic flaws that bring his destruction. Distinguished Professor Butcher has identified four possible range of meaning of Aristotle‘s Hamartia i. . tragic flaw. The foremost of these connotations is an error due to unavoidable ignorance of circumstances whereas an error caused by unawareness of conditions that might have been identified and for that reason to some extent morally blameworthy is another manifestation of the sense in which the term hamartia was used by Aristotle. The third sense is â€Å"A fault or error where the act is conscious and intentional, but not deliberate. Such acts are committed in anger or passion. Where as fourth one is â€Å"A fault of character distinct, on the one hand, from an isolated error, and, on the other, from the vice which has its seat in the depraved will†¦a flaw of character that is not tainted with a vicious purpose. † This essay will try to analyze all these manifestation of tragic flaws present in the character of Othello to manifest that he was a tragic hero. The character of Othello possesses an aura of personality that makes him distinguished as well naive and unrefined as compared with other characters in the play and other Shakespearean protagonists. That is the sole reason that why he fell a prey to Iago’s plot. Iago told Roderigo, â€Å"O, sir, content you. I follow him [Othello] to serve my turn upon him â€Å"(I, i lines 38-9). Iago explains that only follow Othello to certain extent. A rudimentary supposition is that as the murder of Othello’s wife Desdemona is the result of deceitfulness of Iago, so himself remained a victim to the evil genius of Iago. Othello’s wrath was a product of his impulsiveness, the inherent flaw in his character, but that was utilized and triggered by the machination of Iago. The offense of Iago – to conspire the demise of the Moor – is worse since it is embedded in a shrewd mind with organized attempt whereas the wrongdoing of Othello was the result of his naivete. He was blindfolded by a thorn in the heart and mind. But his sin can not be justified only on this ground as there were various methods to check the blameworthiness. However, it can be illustrated that Othello permitted himself to be influenced by Iago’s proposition of the unfaithfulness of Desdemona. Iago only provides a justification that was needed by Othello. Some critics are of the view that Desdemona’s murder is an outcome of Othello’s excessive arrogance and his impulsiveness to decision-making. A. C. Bradley ponders over the dispositions and nature of Othello and says in this regard; â€Å"The sources of danger in this character are revealed but too clearly by the story. In the first place, Othello’s mind, for all its poetry, is very simple. He is not observant. His nature tends outward. He is quite free from introspection, and is not given to reflection. Emotion excites his imagination, but it confuses and dulls his intellect. On this side he is the very opposite of Hamlet, with whom, however, he shares a great openness and trustfulness of nature. In addition, he has little experience of the corrupt products of civilised life, and is ignorant of European women. † (p. 217) Despite this major flaw, he possessed some distinct personality traits. His has the capacity to build positive and reciprocal relationships and to take a number of steps to persuade. He possesses the capability to tailor an approach to appeal to the needs of a particular audience and an example of this relationship building is his genuine companionship with Iago. But again this trait of Othello is used against him as Iago takes advantage of his trust and design more evil plots against him. Although Othello possesses some evil propensities but he is capable of preventing these base and evil instincts to dominate him. In order to locate the degree and gravity of his sins, his motives fro his evil actions must be taken into consideration. It can be argued that his sins are product of weak mental faculties and some inherent flaws in his character. It was further enhanced by the manipulation of Iago instead of his pride. His action of murdering Desdemona was also not due to deficiency of confidence as he was a strong leader as manifested by his ability to command military and various other states affairs. But his leadership does not mean that he was forfeited against personal fantasies and whims of imagination. Othello’s basic dilemma was that he was in a totally new socio-cultural milieu. He was in a new city with a new bride who was graceful and young. Furthermore, Othello was in deep love with her does not know her well. He was uncertain about Desdemona decision to select him as her husband, and can only comprehend one clarification, â€Å"She lov’d me for the dangers I had pass’d. † (I,iii,167) He is aware of the prevailing environment of prejudice and bias in Venice and without doubt must inquire why Desdemona would against her own norms and values and associate white Venetians by marrying an outsider. All these added suspicion in his minds before Iago begins his conniving plot. Although Desdemona was an epitome of love and care for her, but his preconceived notions cannot enable him to believe in her love unreservedly. His response to his skeptic mind is to put Desdemona on a pedestal, making her an â€Å"emblem of purity and trustworthiness† ‘Tis not to make me jealous/ To say my wife Is fair, feeds well, loves company, Is free of speech, sings, plays, and dances well. / Where virtue Is, these are more virtuous. Nor from mine own weak merits will I draw/ The smallest fear or doubt of her revolt, For she had eyes, and chose me. (3. 3. 180) Othello arrived at the conclusion that Desdemona’s consideration and virtue only capacitated her to feel affection for the unlovable — an unstable culmination originating from his low self-worth. When Iago cast away this fictitious idealism with his evil designs, he is merely strengthening what Othello considers profoundly to be thoroughly possible i. e. that Desdemona could love another man. Iago is on hand to verify Othello’s primary doubts: Ay, there’s the point! as (to be bold with you)/ Not to affect many proposed matches/ Of her own clime, complexion, and degree, / Whereto we see in all things nature tends †¦ Her will, recoiling to her better judgement,/ May fall to match you with her country forms, / And happily repent. (3. 3. 228) So all these facts, arguments and supported evidence clearly manifest that Othello was a lager than life character and his tragic flaw contributes toward his tragedy. It is both an amalgam of self-infliction and circumstances beyond his control. He is a noble character but when things go wrong and pressures builds up, Othello’s inadequacies are revealed like the cracks in the dam. This makes him a tragic hero according to very conception of Aristotle. A. C. Bradley refutes the point of view that Othello was not noble and has no characteristics of a tragic hero. He is of the view; This character is so noble, Othello’s feelings and actions follow so inevitably from it and from the forces brought to bear on it, and his sufferings are so heart-rending, that he stirs, I believe, in most readers a passion of mingled love and pity which they feel for no other hero in Shakespeare, and to which not even Mr Swinburne can do more than justice. Yet there are some critics and not a few readers who cherish a grudge against him. They do not merely think that in the later stages of his temptation he showed a certain obtuseness, and that, to speak pedantically, he acted with unjustifiable precipitance and violence; no one, I suppose, denies that. (p. 221)

Mapping Channel Flows in the Music CD industry

In the music CD industry, the choice of the efficient marketing policy is one of the crucial factors in the success of the particular brand. CD’s are one of low-involvement products which can be bought by the customers out of the large selection. In order to be successful, every particular producer in the music industry has to define the marketing mix of the product which includes product, price, promotion, and place. While the first 3 components of marketing mix are very important, the last one which is place seems to â€Å"catch all† of the 4 P’s.Place is a very complex component of marketing mix because it includes such important areas of marketing as decisions about channels, logistics, retailing, customer support and many other issues. The right choice of distribution policy and channels are very important for the success of the producer, and those aspects cannot be neglected.The easiest way for the producer to sell the products to the final customers is by direct selling. The dialog between the supplier and the buyer is the easiest way in which the product can be purchased. However, most industries do not have such a luxury. It becomes inefficient for the producer to sell items directly to the customer, and he gives those functions to all types of intermediaries. In most cases, complex industries have a whole chain of intermediaries which bring the product to the end-user. This system of distribution represents a kind of a channel through which from the producer to the first intermediary and from the first intermediary to all others one by one product, payments, and information flow are channeled.Whenever the chain is very long, it’s obvious that every member in the chain, as well as the end-user has his specific needs, which all have to be taken into account by the producer. It’s very important to make sure that the information flow through the channel does not break. The more intermediaries there are between the produc er and the end-user, the more complicated the relationships inside the channel become, and more attention has to be paid by the producer so that the quality of the product remains high as in the very beginning of the chain. CD’s industry deals with rights on a particular part of property, therefore it’s very important to maintain the chain of suitable distributors which provide the highest quality of the music record companies products.The most widely-used forms of â€Å"channels† of distributions used by the companies include the following:v Selling direct (with the help of salesforce);v Mail order (including telephone sales);v Retailer;v Wholesaler;v Agent (who acts on the behalf of the producer) (Mercer, 467)In order to maintain the quality of the production, it’s necessary for the producer to keep some control over the members of the distribution channel. Most music record companies pay close attention to that. Once the control is entirely lost, it mi ght be hard for the producer to monitor the sales and the quality. The most efficient structure is when the producer structures the distribution channel by himself. Depending on what market the producer is in, this issue touches him in a different way. For example, when the producer produces mass consumer goods and there are many competitors in the market offering the same type of product, it’s not that important for the producer to control all the distributors who offer his product.The producer’s goal is to increase the number of distributors offering his product because he wants to have a large share of the market. In the opposite case, when the goods produced by the company have some unique features and the company competes with competitors mostly in quality, it has to take responsibility over the quality of the products which it offers and may suffer losses if the quality of the products end-users receive is low. Therefore, the producer will very much care in such a case about the quality of the goods which are offered to the end-users, and do his best to determine only very reliable distributors of his production in order to have a strong emphasize on quality. The mentioned approaches which can be used by the producer in the distribution policy therefore include:1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Intensive distribution;2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Selective distribution;3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Exclusive distribution.In the case of the intensive distribution, the main emphasize is made on the number of distributors selling the company’s product. The price competition is evident in such a case and quality of all the similar goods offered in the market is pretty much the same.Selective distribution means that the producer selects suitable distributors to re-sell the product. Those distributors who have a good reputation get a chance to sell the company’s products. The selection can be quite wide, and the producer in such a case in not very concerned about the top quality of the products which he is offering. Exclusive distribution is common in such fields where companies offer products with unique characteristics and the main point of the marketing policy of the company is offering goods of the highest quality. Every little detail of the product is important in such a case.Therefore, companies choose a very limited selection of distributors who will be re-selling their product in order to maintain the highest quality. The main partners of the company in the distribution channels include such establishments as specialty outlets, supermarkets, department stores, and discount outlets. Specialty outlets have a narrow product line (Mercer, 473). For example, in fashion industry specialty outlets aim at women of a specific age group with a specific taste. Such distributors offer a greater degree of personal service and usually the selection of products for the targeted group of customers is very large.Supermarkets can be characteriz ed by the following principles: self-service and self-selection displays; centralization of customer services; large scale; a strong price emphasize; a broad assortment of merchandise. The most famous supermarkets include Sainsbury, Tesco, Wal-Mart, and others. Department stores cover a large variety of products in different departments of the stores and offers great competition for supermarkets. Examples of department stores include Boots, Marks & Spencer, British Home Stores. Discount outlets specialize in a â€Å"high turnover at low cost†. They usually specialize in products of one field and get a 30-day credit from their suppliers. For example, they include Dixons in consumer electronics/electrical; MFI in furniture.A major feature of the distribution channel is that there is a â€Å"value-add’ of every level of channel. Just as the product and information are channeled from one level of the channel to another, the value is also added at every level step by step. For example, in the music industry, the value is first added by the manufacturer who makes the music label, then the CD’s are passed to distributors, sometimes on a couple of levels until they reach the customer. At every level, the value is added because more companies participate in the process.The manufacturer is the one who owns the music label and therefore is the main player in the game. He adds the most value to the product, which consists of the cost of production and the profit. However, without the distributors the CD would not be able to get the end-users, so at every level of the channel new value is added to the primary product. The first level of distributors can be wholesalers, the second level can consist of retailers. Therefore, value is added at 3 levels until it reaches the end-user.In the music industry, the efficiency of channel members is very high. Companies producing CD’s pay close attention to the distributors who specialize in selling CD†™s and for the most part, those channels fall into the category of selective distribution. The channel distribution in the music industry is very complex due to the characteristic features of the industry. Nowadays, there are many companies which produce CD’s (give the music label) and there are many customers in the market who are willing to buy those CD’s.   For example, Sony Records, Inc. is one of the leaders in the music industry production.However, it faces some competition in the market. Customers can give preference to CD’s produced by other companies as well. Therefore, every music record company needs to make sure there are many distributors who are brining CD’s to the end-users and also maintain high quality of the product. The distributors in the music industry include music stores which deal with CD’s in particular, supermarkets where one can also find this product, and Internet distributors which specialize in music CD’s. T he chain of distributors is quite large in the music industry. It’s very important for music record companies to provide the highest quality of their musical CD’s.One of the reasons of the need in high quality is that nowadays music record companies face sharp competition from the Internet. It has become very simple for people who are fond of music to download music files from the Internet, and they no longer need to go into the music stores in order to get the CD’s. The files which people can download from different sites are free of charge, and no money goes to the singers from those operations. One of the ways to fight with that competition for music record companies is by offering the highest quality of their products. If a person can buy a CD of the highest quality in the music store, he might stick to it and not use Internet for getting his favorite music albums.Another way is to include Internet distributors of music products which can compete with free m usic upload by offering additional services. Such distributors as Amazon.com for example can guarantee high volumes of CD’s sales due to its closeness to the customer. It’s common truth that many people who use Internet are interested in music. As long as they can order their favorite CD’s on Amazon.com, they will keep their hands off the free file upload. However, in such a case the emphasize on the quality is important as never: the customers will order CD’s from Amazon.com as long as the quality of CD’s is beyond competition. In addition to that, it’s important to make sure Internet users get some additional benefits together with CD’s, for example, suggestions about their future possible purchases, discounts, or free information about their favorite singers.The efficiency of the CD’s and payment in the music industry through the distribution channel is very efficient but there can be some developments made in it. The most i mportant is to keep in mind the importance of Internet in the distribution of CD’s. It’s also possible to devote some attention to such types of direct marketing as teleselling, direct mail, and direct selling. By mailing catalogues to potential customers, large volumes of sales can be achieved. For maximum efficiency of distribution in music industry, it’s necessary for music record companies to devote lots of attention to maintaining a large chain of distributors but at the same time monitor the quality of the products which are being offered to end-users.Bibliography.David Mercer. Marketing. Blackwell Business. 1992. J. Barry Manson, Moris L. Mayer, Hazel F Ezell. Foundations of Retailing. Business Publications, Inc., 1984. Kevin J. Clancy, Robert S. Shulman. The Marketing Revolution. HarperBusiness, 1991. Kotler. Marketing Management. 1986. R.M. Johnson. Market segmentation: a strategic marketing tool. Journal of Marketing research, vol. 7, 1981.