Importance of Population Control

Importance of Population Control Population control is a way in which the rate of population growth is changed, which has been made possible by limiting birth rates. Initially, population development has genuine impacts on the environment. As we all know we expend materials and vitality from earth and after that return high temperature and squanders to earth. It is just coherent to say that there is a breaking point at which these squanders can go to our planet without having a genuine impact on people. All things considered, because of the way that population development aggravates every one of those terrible circumstances, and the control of population thickness can purchase us some time to control whatever remains of the issues, one need to prescribe the control of population explosion. As the human numbers increment, weakening of water quality and annihilation of animal and plant groups expand as well. Water pollution has been mostly brought about by population development. People devoured, put away and redirected water and utilized it to divert squanders without respect to wellbeing or ecological results, which were viewed as insignificant (Turner II, 1990). These human movements in addition to population development and the need has thus the weakening of water quality in streams, with impacts by human activities and advancement on or near them. As said at one time animal and plant species are at risk because of population blast. The genuine impacts of population development apply even to the secured areas of this planet. Indeed, in the USA, that has a measurable low population, extension, the regular parks encounter a misfortune of animal groups and territory corruption because of monstrous amounts of individuals and their activities. Be that as it may fast development of human numbers does not have impacts just on the environment by and large additionally causes overexploitation of characteristic resources and gives weight on food supplies. Therefore, it wont be long until we watch a momentary decrease in our living measures, or as it were a decrease in our personal satisfaction. On the off chance that everybody on the planet today might embrace a North American lifestyle, natural resources would rapidly vanish. Fortunately most countries are still cautious. They will need to remain so while enhancing their expectation for everyday comforts. It will be important that others in rich countries check their utilization and squanders. Our survival relies on upon population control and additionally a finer administration of natural resources. Being constrained in amount, natural resources need to be overseen as needs be. Another administration of the planets resources must be arranged. Notwithstanding the population increment, famines have gotten less continuous in the previous two hundred years, because of incredible farming yields, and global economy. In the last few years a few African nations have been influenced by famine. The reasons were all because of political issues, including common wars, that disorder the economy, deaden transportation, and avert crisis food drops to achieve their objective. Famine is no longer due to a global food shortage. Another illustration is oil. Forecasts of the world utilizing up all its oil have been around for no less than 70 years. They arrived at their crest in the 1970s with the oil emergency brought on by the Oil and Petroleum Exporting Countries endeavor to raise oil costs by voluntarily constraining supply. As the value climbs, in any case, the amount requested by purchasers diminishes. As the cost of gasoline increments, for instance, shoppers will have a tendency to buy more fuel proficient vehicles or discover cars which utilize fuel sources not subject to oil. This does not require any incredible jump in engineering; there are now various options to oil which might get to be monetarily attainable if the cost of oil ever hopped fundamentally. Natural gas, for instance, is liable to trade oil as the primary wellspring of vitality for whats to come at some point in the one century from now. Particularly land, forest and water is a portion of the fundamental resources that are debilitated by development of population thickness. Since population development has extended significantly throughout the most recent 500 years, as bigger amounts of individuals required more food supplies and items from common resources and agricultural exercises, more individuals involved bigger land spaces in huge urban regions. Population development in todays reality, hence, assumes an indispensable part to changes in the land. Developing need for food supplies and wares helped the development of croplands everywhere throughout the world and to the utilization of regular resources. Work strengths, which were accessible, come about to land-clearing, modification and misfortune of the lands quality. All inclusive, population development is primarily answerable for land weights. Forests -one of the best characteristic resources- have additionally encountered significant harm because of huge population development. As an aftereffect of the quick human fruitfulness, forests have been changed either into agricultural lands or into open zones in which towns and urban areas now exist so as to manage the alleged urban population. Likewise in numerous nations of the creating scene, population numbers additionally multiplied between 1950 and 1980. Consequently, weights on the forest have been expanded as they turn into one of the last sources of new land for the development of arable and pasture, for fuel wood for warming and cooking and actually for industry, and as a wellspring of hard cash from sending out logs and wood chips. Separated from land and forest population development has connected weight with resources of water. Population development has thus the diminishing of new water resources; people apply weight on water amount through water needs for survival , cleanliness and farming. All developing countries have moderate developing populations. It is the countries with quick population development that are experiencing fast environmental progressions and issues. Numerous individuals accept that we are headed straight into a world population emergency. The population development in Third World Countries is getting to be harder to control. Most quickly developing countries have populations excessively expand to control. These countries experience fast, ecological changes by devouring their regular resources and financial resources, speedier than they could be processed. This can prompt expanding demise rates from starvation and the settling for what is the most convenient option. These quickly developing countries that have high populations might in the long run for all time decrease the convey limit of their country. There are numerous reasons why population development has abated now and again and climbs on occasion. Case in point, in countries where the majorit y of the women are uneducated, there is restricted access to wellbeing administrations and not many individuals are financially secure, populations have a tendency to be higher. A significant number of these countries have poor standards of living, which prompts the spread of infection, starvation, poor sanitation and terrible ecological and environmental conditions. Others components incorporate absence of family planning, absence of training and the absence of information about birth control. The point when population moderates, numerous offer credit for elements of population control. Most governments around the world have laws intended to moderate population development. The legislatures that have the resources to implement these laws have been successful in moderating population development. There are numerous gatherings and associations in America that help creating countries, by supporting and teaching individuals in family planning and birth control. An alternate system for population control that is dubious, however, energized in numerous countries is male and female sterilization. Late inquiries and remarks concerning human rights and admiration for individuals have come up. Issues emerge when mistaken data are given about sterilization and its outcomes to individuals in third world countries that are not taught enough to know the contr ast. This manifestation of birth control takes away all obligation from multiplication. Today, regardless of its discussion, abortion is constantly recommended more as a strategy for population control. The most prevalent technique for abortion being pushed today is a chemical substance called Anti-Pregnancies. These incorporate immunizations and infusions, for example, Depo-Provera, Noristerat, Oestro-progesterone or most normally known as RU486. The point when taking a gander at those countries that have restricted access to birth control or no information about present day types of birth control, and those countries that do hone population control, we see more instances of infanticide. In spite of the fact that this is still drilled in some third world countries, infanticide is all the more ordinarily polished when a female child is conceived. Recognizing all the above data and presentation of proof, we must comprehend that fast population development is surely an immense danger to our lives and our planet. We must be educated and we must make legitimate move. Trough legitimate instruction, family planning, nation strategies and backing of logical examination population thickness might be effectively controlled and our future will appear to be more prosperous. Turner II, B. L., Kasperson, R. E., Meyer, W. B., Dow, K. M., Golding, D., Kasperson, J. X. Ratick, S. J. (1990). Two types of global environmental change: definitional and spatial-scale issues in their human dimensions.Global Environmental Change,1(1), 14-22. URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/095937809090004S Illumination of a few issues in the human sizes of global environmental change is key to the formation of an adjusted research motivation. Global environmental change incorporates both systemic changes that work globally through the significant frameworks of the geosphere-biosphere, and combined changes that speak to the global aggregation of limited progressions. An understanding of the human sizes of progress obliges consideration regarding both sorts through research that incorporates discoveries from spatial scales running from the global to the nearby. A local or meso-scale center speaks to an especially guaranteeing boulevard of methodology.

Damage on Aerospace Composites and Metals Investigation

Damage on Aerospace Composites and Metals Investigation

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The protagonist in this self titled autobiography Martin Luther King, Jr. is Martin Luther King Jr. himself. In this scene Mr. King was at a book signing in a Harlem department store. As he was autographing a copy of his book about the Montgomery bus boycott titled â€Å" Stride toward Freedom† he was approached by the antagonist of this scene; an obviously demented black woman later to be judged as legally insane, Mrs. Izola Ware Curry. On Saturday September 20, 1958 Mrs. Curry approached Mr. King and asked, â€Å"Are you Martin Luther King?† Mr. King replied â€Å"Yes†, and she commenced to stab him in the chest with a razor sharp letter opener.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Martin Luther King, Jr. was rushed to Harlem Hospital by ambulance where he would lay for four hours while he was being prepped for the removal of the keen-edged knife. Days after surgery Dr. Maynard, the chief of the surgeons, informed Mr. King that the razor tip of the letter opener was touching his aorta requiring them to open his chest to remove it. With this comment to follow, â€Å" If you had sneezed during all those hours of waiting your aorta would have been punctured and you would have drowned in your own blood.† said Dr. Maynard.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If this had actually been the one of Dr. King’s last days; it would have meant that the world would have been deprived of a ten year, non-violent campaign that did in fact change society for the better. A little less than a year after his near fatal stabbing he and his family would embark upon a journey to India accompanied by Dr. D.L. Reddick. There he meet Ghandi himself giving him newfangled prospective on non-violent campaigns.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On a Humid Saturday Afternoon on September 20, 1958, Dr. King sat in a Harlem Department store signing copies of his book on the Montgomery bus boycott entitled â€Å"Stride Toward Freedom†. Amidst all the smiles and support of the crowd derived an obviously deranged woman. She approached Dr. King and inquired,†Are you Martin Luther King?† As Dr. King Replied, †Yesâ€Å" She stabbed him in the chest with a letter opener. Dr. King was rushed to the Harlem hospital by ambulance where he was immediately prepped and admitted to the surgery ward. After hours on the operating table the head surgeon Dr. Maynard, had the saturnine duty of telling the King family that the totality of effort shown by he an his team were only able to slow Dr.

Essay on the Metamorphosis of Fitzwilliam Darcy in Pride and Prejudice

The Metamorphosis of Fitzwilliam Darcy in Pride and Prejudice    Introduced to Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice as a good-looking, self-absorbed aristocrat, Fitzwilliam Darcy experiences a change in his personality and character.   Falling in love was what Darcy needed in order to dispose of his existent views on marriage and money.   Although Mr. Darcy was well mannered, he did not know how to treat women with respect, especially those of a lower social status than he.   However, the love of Elizabeth Bennet changed his behavior forever.    Darcy's arrogance shines through at the beginning of the novel in his first appearance at the Meryton ball.   Speaking of Elizabeth Bennet, he so snobbishly set forth that she was, "...tolerable, but not handsome enough to tempt me" (230).   His feelings of superiority to the people of the town lend Mr. Darcy to be judged as a man with a repulsive and atrocious personality.   The women, who had found him dashingly handsome at first appearance, deemed him a man unworthy of marriage because he offered no positive qualities other than wealth and physical attractiveness.   Not only did Darcy refuse a dance with Elizabeth, but he made it apparent that no woman in the room met his standards of a suitable woman stating that, "...there is not another woman in this room, whom it would not be a punishment to me to stand up with" (229).   Mr. Darcy is concerned only with the wealth and social standing of the people in the beginning of the novel and will not even communicate with the p eople of the town as they are lower than him and undeserving of his presence.   However, as the novel continues on, Darcy becomes more and more accepting of the Bennet family, which he had formerly thought of as nothing ... ...ce.   Ed. Donald Gray.   New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1996. Hennelly, Jr., Mark M. "Pride and Prejudice." Jane Austen: New Perspectives. ed. Janet Todd. New York: Holmes & Meier Publishers, Inc., 1983. Jane Austen Info Page. Henry Churchyard. U of Texas, Austin. 23 Nov. 2000.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   <http://www.pemberly.com/janeinfo/janeinfo/html>. Monaghan, David.   Jane Austen Structure and Social Vision.   New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1980. Poplawski, Paul.   A Jane Austen Encyclopedia.   Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1998. Reidhead, Julia, ed. Norton Anthology of English Literature vol. 7, 2nd ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2000. Ward, David Allen. "Pride and Prejudice." Explicator. 51.1: (1992). Wright, Andrew H. "Feeling and Complexity in Pride and Prejudice." Ed. Donald Gray. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1966. 410-420. Essay on the Metamorphosis of Fitzwilliam Darcy in Pride and Prejudice The Metamorphosis of Fitzwilliam Darcy in Pride and Prejudice    Introduced to Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice as a good-looking, self-absorbed aristocrat, Fitzwilliam Darcy experiences a change in his personality and character.   Falling in love was what Darcy needed in order to dispose of his existent views on marriage and money.   Although Mr. Darcy was well mannered, he did not know how to treat women with respect, especially those of a lower social status than he.   However, the love of Elizabeth Bennet changed his behavior forever.    Darcy's arrogance shines through at the beginning of the novel in his first appearance at the Meryton ball.   Speaking of Elizabeth Bennet, he so snobbishly set forth that she was, "...tolerable, but not handsome enough to tempt me" (230).   His feelings of superiority to the people of the town lend Mr. Darcy to be judged as a man with a repulsive and atrocious personality.   The women, who had found him dashingly handsome at first appearance, deemed him a man unworthy of marriage because he offered no positive qualities other than wealth and physical attractiveness.   Not only did Darcy refuse a dance with Elizabeth, but he made it apparent that no woman in the room met his standards of a suitable woman stating that, "...there is not another woman in this room, whom it would not be a punishment to me to stand up with" (229).   Mr. Darcy is concerned only with the wealth and social standing of the people in the beginning of the novel and will not even communicate with the p eople of the town as they are lower than him and undeserving of his presence.   However, as the novel continues on, Darcy becomes more and more accepting of the Bennet family, which he had formerly thought of as nothing ... ...ce.   Ed. Donald Gray.   New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1996. Hennelly, Jr., Mark M. "Pride and Prejudice." Jane Austen: New Perspectives. ed. Janet Todd. New York: Holmes & Meier Publishers, Inc., 1983. Jane Austen Info Page. Henry Churchyard. U of Texas, Austin. 23 Nov. 2000.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   <http://www.pemberly.com/janeinfo/janeinfo/html>. Monaghan, David.   Jane Austen Structure and Social Vision.   New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1980. Poplawski, Paul.   A Jane Austen Encyclopedia.   Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1998. Reidhead, Julia, ed. Norton Anthology of English Literature vol. 7, 2nd ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2000. Ward, David Allen. "Pride and Prejudice." Explicator. 51.1: (1992). Wright, Andrew H. "Feeling and Complexity in Pride and Prejudice." Ed. Donald Gray. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1966. 410-420.

Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block Health And Social Care Essay

The brachial rete is a complex agreement of nervus fibers arising from the spinal column via the ventral rami of the 5th cervical to the first thoracic nervus roots. It proceeds through the cervix, armpit and into the arm where it terminates into single peripheral nervousnesss most notably average, radial, ulnar and musculocutaneous nervousnesss. These nervousnesss contribute motor and centripetal nervus supply to the upper limb. Barricading these nervousnesss near to their beginning between the cervix and the axilla is called brachial rete block. Supraclavicular block is used to providesurgical anesthesia and postoperative analgesia forthe upper limb operations. The brachial rete traditionally performed via interscalene, supraclavicular, infraclavicular and alar attacks with clinically of import advantages and disadvantages of each. The supraclavicular attack is popular for surgery affecting the manus to the elbow,1 and the brachial rete can be easy visualized by puting an ultrasound investigation at the base of the cervix merely above the collarbone. Ultrasound is used routinely for supraclavicular brachial rete blocks forsurgery affecting the manus, forearm or the cubitus. Surveies have shown that ultrasound improves the efficaciousness and safety and clip to execute the the block.2,3,4 With the blessing of the Local Ethics Committee, a prospective survey will be conducted in up to 40 ASA I, II or III patients of either sex undergoing elected upper limb surgery. A verbal account of the test, patient information sheet will be provided by the attention ( clinical/medical ) staff for the patient to see which will be about 6 hebdomads before the twenty-four hours of surgery. This will include elaborate information about the principle, design and personal deductions of the survey. When the patients will be admitted to the infirmary, they will be approached by one of the research workers farther information and account for any inquiries to assist them take an informed determination on engagement or non-participation into the trial.Following information proviso, patients will hold at least 24 hours to see engagement and will be given the chance to discourse the test with their household and health care professionals before they are asked whether they would be willing to ta ke portion in the test. The chief research worker or the co-investigator will accept the patients. All are qualified by experience and educational course of study as an anesthetic physician to take the consent for this in their everyday pattern. Assenting patients will so be officially assessed for eligibility and invited to supply informed, written consent. The right of the patient to decline consent without giving grounds will be respected. Further, the patient will stay free to retreat from the survey at any clip without giving grounds and without prejudicing any farther intervention. A transcript of the consent will be given to the patient, one filed in the Trial Master File, one filed in the infirmary notes and a 4th transcript sent to the Sponsor. For the supraclavicular block, the brachial rete will be visualized utilizing a Sonosite Titan ultrasound machine with 10MHz additive investigation. The overlying tegument will be infiltrated with 1 % lignocaine and a nervus block acerate leaf passed under ultrasound counsel so that its tip lies next to the brachial rete. After negative aspiration on the needle the survey dosage of bupivacaine will be injected. This will be done under ultrasound visual image to guarantee right location of the acerate leaf is maintained. Bupivacaine will be prepared newly for each patient. Efficacy will be assessed at 15-minute intervals for up to 45 proceedingss at the centripetal dermatomes of the average, ulnar, radial and musculocutaneous nervousnesss in the upper limb to cold utilizing an intoxicant swab ( i.e at 15, 30 and 45 proceedingss after the injection is finished ) . Failure to accomplish loss of cold esthesis with intoxicant swab at all four of the centripetal dermatomes of the average, ulnar, radial and musculocutaneous nervousnesss in the upper limb after 45 proceedingss will be considered uneffective block. This will be considered as the terminal of the survey for the participant and repetition injection utilizing 5 to 10 milliliters of local anesthetic will be done under ultrasound counsel. This will non ache because the local anesthesia of the overlying tegument from the old injection normally lasts more than 2 hours. The following patient will so have a dosage based on the CRM. The block will be assessed by the co-investigator who will non be present during the behavior of the block and hence will be wholly blind to the dosage used. The topics will non be cognizant of the dosage of the local anesthetic used. The survey is therefore double blinded since the topic the research worker and the assessor are blinded to the dosage of the local anesthetic used. The blinding of the survey will take the prejudice that may be at that place if the individual executing the block assesses the block every bit good.Statistical considerations & A ; power analysisPersonal and surgical inside informations will be collected and the informations will be presented as average ( interquartile and scope ) or per centum as appropriate. The minimum effectual dosage ( MED95 ) will be estimated utilizing CRM. Our confederates, Dr Sylvie Chevret and Dr Sarah Zohar will supply the statistical expertness for the current test. These confederates are experts in the field of CRM and have advised that a sample size of 40 patients is sufficient in theory to supply an reply to the inquiry of ED95. The design of this dose-finding, double-blind survey was chosen in order to measure the dose-response relationship of bupivacaine for supraclavicular brachial rete block utilizing ultrasound. The CRM ( Oaa‚ ¬a„?Quigley et al 1990 ) 6 utilizing a alteration in order to command outliers observations ( Resche-Rigon et al. 2008 ) 7 will be used in order to find the minimum effectual dosage ( MED ) of Bupivacaine for supraclavicular brachial rete block of 95 % of patients. The CRM is consecutive Bayesian method based on a one-parameter theoretical account, which aims at gauging the percentile of dose-response among thousand distinct dose degrees di ( i=1, †¦ ,5 ) . Each one of the six dosage degrees was randomly associated by the research worker ( harmonizing to his/her personal experience and available informations in the literature at the clip of induction of the test ) with the following prior estimated success chance, 0.5, 0.75, 0.90, 0.95, 0.98 and 0.99 for the 12, 15, 18, 21, 24 and 27 volume integrity dose severally. Then, a one-parameter power theoretical account will be used to suit the dose-response curve, with an exponential anterior distribution ( with mean = 1 ) for the theoretical account parametric quantity. The posterior response chance of each dose degree will be re-estimated after each new inclusion of cohort patients ( 2 patients per cohort ) ( see following page ) . The allocated dosage to each new cohort of patients was the dose degree with the updated posterior response chance closest to 0.95. In the present survey, the first cohort of patients will have a lading dosage of 21 volume units with the anterior success chance closest to the mark ( 0.95 ) . The MED is defined as the dose degree among the six chosen dose that had a concluding response chance closest to the mark. The determination to stop the survey was based on halting standards, in order to observe whether all doses were likely to be inefficient or a suited appraisal of the MED has been reached ( Zohar and Chevret 2001 ) .8

Care of Elderly Persons in American and Hispanic Culture

In the United states, particularly in its more urbanized regions, there is a clear discrimination against the elderly, particularly in its more urbanized regions. This ageism is also apparent in mass media. In American movies, for instance, elderly persons in â€Å"homes† (homes for the aged) are a frequent sight. The nursing home is a potent demonstration of American society's cultural attitude towards its elderly.In American culture, it is acceptable for a child to talk in a straightforward and frank manner to elderly people, sometimes to the point of rudeness. However, most Hispanic children are taught to talk to elders with respect and reverence.Elders often have the last say in the household. From early childhood, Hispanic children are taught to respect older persons, because respect for elders connotes respect for oneself.Today many elderly persons in the United States are isolated from their families, although this kind of treatment of the elderly in the United States w as not always so. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the elderly used to be more respected, perhaps also because of the low life expectancy in those times, so that there were only very few elderly people, making their contributions to society much more valuable.However, the increased life expectancy of modern United States society has dramatically increased the proportion of the elderly in modern societies such as in America, which in turn has led to the increasing irrelevance of the elderly from an economic and practical view. Now American culture reveres youth, but at the same time looks down on old age.Many aging persons in America grow old and become afraid that their family will eventually put them in a home, and that they will have no choice but to concede. Between 17 to 20 percent of all deaths in the United States happen in nursing homes (although this number would be higher if not for the common practice of moving nursing home residents to the hospital almost immediately befor e death.In American culture, independence is highly valued, sometimes to the point of alienation. In contrast, Hispanic culture may be seen by Americans as more â€Å"clingy.† Hispanic culture is very family oriented. Hispanics typically have strong family ties and are more likely to support extended family members, including their elderly.Hispanic culture emphasizes respect for elders, and this is reflected in how their elders are treated. Many Hispanic households have the traditional structure of housing three generations. Many elderly Hispanics are also poor and cannot live independently, but they are welcomed to stay in their children's homes.However, with increasing urbanization, even Hispanic society is increasingly going the route of Americans in this regard.Nursing homes have a â€Å"presence† in American culture that is lacking in Hispanic culture; most Hispanic people assume that they would eventually be taking care of their elderly parents. This is not to sa y that ageism is exclusive to America.It is true that in most cultures a form of ageism exists, but in many Asian and Hispanic countries, this is more of a positive ageism, where elders are given more respect and are listened to and revered (although this seems to be changing with the rise of urbanization worldwide).

An Analysis of the War Powers Act of 1973

One of the hallmarks of a presidential and democratic society is the division of powers among the three main branches of government. This is called the principle of the separation of powers or the principle of checks and balances. This principle seeks to prevent the over concentration of authority in one person or group of persons that might lead to an error or abuse to the prejudice of the whole state. Austin Ranney (1995) once said that any concentration of powers in a single branch is tyrannical and only true separation of powers will protect the liberties of the people against the aggressions of government. (Austin Ranney, p. 240) The principle of separation of powers has always been criticized as impeding the enactment of bills and promoting efficiency in the running of the affairs of the government. It is because of this reason why some democratic countries have amended their constitutions and shifted to the parliamentary system. War Powers Act of 1973 A concrete example of the Principle of Separation of Power is the war powers which the US Constitution has entrusted to the Executive and the Legislative Branch. Under the United States Constitution, it may appear that the delineation of war power between the Legislative and Executive Branch is clear. The purpose is to make sure that no one branch of government will have the absolute prerogative in making all decisions in matters pertaining to war. Article 1 Section 8 of the United States Constitution clearly expresses that the Congress shall have the following powers: a) To declare War, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water; b) To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years; c) to provide and maintain a navy; d) to make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval Forces; e) to provide for the calling of the militia to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions; f) to provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the states respectively, the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress. On the other hand, under Article II Sec. 2 of the United States Constitution the President shall have the following powers: a) The President shall be Commander in Chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States; b) The president shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two thirds of the senators present concur. Based on these two provisions in the United States Constitution, the war powers appear to be clearly divided between the two main branches of government. Under these provisions, the President has the power to lead the armed forces in times of war and to make swift decisions on the field of battle. (â€Å"War and Treat Powers†) On the other hand, the Congress has the power to declare war and to appropriate huge amounts of dollars in support of the war effort. The clear division of powers between the two main branches, however, appear to be more apparent than real. In between these two powers lie a vacuum which the framers of the constitution failed to consider. For any other decisions that the US Constitution failed to anticipate, it appears that the President has complete freedom and absolute discretion to act. This is something which is abhorred by our constitution. Consider the Korean War in which the United States army was intensely involved. The Korean War began as a civil war which was fought from 1950–1953 on the Korean Peninsula. It began when North Korean attacked South Korea on June 25, 1950. (â€Å"Korean War†) Eventually China and the United States became involved in this conflict. Although it was called the Korean War, the United States preferred to call it the police action rather than a war in order to avoid the necessity of formal declaration of war by the Congress of the United States. The same thing happened during the Vietnam War or the Vietnam Conflict. This war lasted for 16 which began from 1959 to 1975. (â€Å"Vietnam War†) This involved the United States, its allies and the South Vietnam against Soviet Union, its allies and the People’s Republic of China and the North Vietnam. In this war, the U. S. deployed large numbers of troops to South Vietnam between 1954 and 1973. Some U. S. allies like the Philippines, Australa and New Zealand also sent their troops to aid the United States and South Vietnam. Similar to the Korean War, the United States was also intensely involved in this war without a formal declaration of war by Congress. These two major events in our history have triggered the enactment of the War Powers Act of 1973. It is worth stressing that based on our history Congress has formally declared war in only five conflicts – the War of 1812, the Mexican War, the Spanish-American War, World War I, and World War II – while U. S. presidents have committed armed forces to more than one hundred combat operations around the world. (Charles F. Williams, 2003) The purpose of this law is to provide for a limitation on the powers of the President to deploy United States troops into combat areas without the approval of the legislative branch. Congress aims to prevent the possibility that another Korean and Vietnam Wars may be repeated where the United States deployed its soldiers for battle without the formal declaration of war coming from the Congress. Section 2(a) of the said law is clear on this matter, it states that: â€Å"It is the purpose of this joint resolution to fulfill the intent of the framers of the Constitution of the United States and insure that the collective judgment of both the Congress and the President will apply to the introduction of United States Armed Forces into hostilities, or into situations where imminent involvement in hostilities is clearly indicate by the circumstances, and to the continued use of such forces in hostilities or in such situations. Under the said law, the president is required to consult Congress in every possible instance before introducing United States Armed Forces into hostilities or into situation where imminent involvement in hostilities is clearly indicated by the circumstances, and after every such introduction shall consult regularly with the Congress until United States Armed Forces are no longer engaged in hostilities or have been removed from such situations. The War Powers Act of 1973 also requires the President to submit within 48 hours to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and to the President pro tempore of the Senate a report, in writing, setting forth the circumstances necessitating the introduction of United States Armed Forces, the constitutional and legislative authority under which such introduction took place and the estimated scope and duration of the hostilities or involvement in case United States Armed forces are actually introduced for combat. The said law also requires the President to terminate within sixty calendar days after a report is submitted any use of United States Armed Forces unless the Congress has declared war or has enacted a specific authorization for such use of United States Armed Forces or has extended by law such sixty-day period or is physically unable to meet as a result of an armed attack upon the United States. The sixty-day period shall be extended for not more than an additional thirty days if the President determines and certifies to the Congress in writing that unavoidable military necessity respecting the safety of United States Armed Forces requires the continued use of such armed forces in the course of bringing about a prompt removal of such forces. The Congress by concurrent resolution is authorized at all times to order the withdrawal of US troops. Arguments against War Powers Act of 1973 One of the arguments raised against the enactment of the War Powers Act of 1973 is that it is an act of encroachment on the part of the Legislature of a territory which the US Constitution has delegated to the Executive Branch. It must be stressed that the President took his oath before he assumed his office that he will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and he will to the best of his ability preserve and protect and defend the Constitution of the United States. The present statute significantly limits the powers of the president to act in times of war which have a serious effect on the performance of his obligation. Arguments In Favor of War Powers Act of 1973 On the other hand, some are in favor of the War Powers Act of 1973. They argue that the consultation and reporting requirements and the power of Congress to terminate the deployment of armed forces do not operate to limit the powers of the president. It merely serves to ensure that the constitutional mandate is observed. As envisioned by the United States Constitution, there shall always be two keys to start the engine of war running – the key given to the Congress and the key given to the President. Thus, the War Powers Act of 1973 does make Congress superior to the President, rather, it only highlights the supremacy of the United States Constitution. Conclusion I believe that the War Powers Act of 1973 is constitutional. Our history has shown that we cannot entrust to a single man the power to deploy United States troops to combat. In the past decade, all the past presidents, including our present president, has deployed hundreds of thousands of US soldiers to battle. This not only led to the death of countless soldiers but it has depleted our resources. The United States Constitution is still the highest law of the land and it is clearly manifested in the enactment of the War Powers Act of 1973.